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O Possible associated symptoms and findings Tentative diagnosis (probable underlying clinical picture) Further diagnostic work-up 546 Decreased visual acuity O O Persisting longer than 24 hours, sudden onset, painless. O Circular or segmental swelling of the optic disk will be visible upon ophthalmoscopy. O Determine erythrocyte sedimentation rate and level of Creactive protein (heightened levels in temporal arteritis). O O Slowly increasing over a period of weeks, months, or years; painless: Chronic corneal degeneration, keratopathy. Increasing loss of visual acuity following exercise; pain from posterior swelling and with eye motion. Possible associated symptoms and findings Tentative diagnosis (probable underlying clinical picture) Further diagnostic work-up 548 Unilateral or bilateral. Retinoblastoma (whitish vitreous, retinal, or subretinal tumor) should be excluded in leukocoria. Slit-lamp examination will reveal obvious lens opacity where a cataract is present. Systemic side effects Topical ophthalmic preparations Pharmaceutical Indications Acyclovir O O Herpes simplex keratitis. Mydriasis, angle closure glaucoma, cycloplegia, decreased visual acuity, increased intraocular pressure. Decreased intraocular pressure, miosis, accommodation spasm, decreased visual acuity. Decreased intraocular pressure, decreased blood supply to the head of the optic nerve. Mydriasis, angle closure glaucoma, decreased visual acuity, increased intraocular pressure. Local irritation, keratitis, allergic reaction in eyelids and conjunctiva, keratitis. Appendix 1 Ocular effects and side effects Local allergic reaction in eyelids and conjunctiva. Systemic side effects (Continued) Pharmaceutical Indications 552 Dorzolamide (local carbonic anhydrase inhibitor) O O Glaucoma therapy. Tachycardia, cardiac arrhythDecreased intraocular pressure, local irritation and allergic reaction in eyelids mia, increased blood pressure, headaches. Decreased intraocular pressure, cystoid Headaches, perspiration, synmacular edema. Decreased intraocular pressure, miosis, decreased visual acuity, accommodation spasm. Local irritation and allergic reaction in eyelids and conjunctiva, keratitis; intravitreous administration may cause retinal damage and atrophy of the optic nerve. Gentamicin Ocular bacterial infections, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Proteus species, Klebsiella pneumoniae. Decreased intraocular pressure, local irritation, miosis, ptosis, decreased visual acuity. Local irritation, corneal damage, ptosis, No known systemic effects from topical use. Conjunctival vasoconstriction, local irri- Rare: headaches, increased blood pressure, nausea, cartation, mydriasis, angle closure glaudiac arrhythmia. Decreased intraocular pressure, local irritation, miosis, accommodation spasm, decreased visual acuity. Idoxuridine, trifluridine, vidarabine Herpes simplex keratitis Naphazoline Symptomatic treatment of allergic or inflammatory reactions. Decreased intraocular pressure, miosis, accommodation spasm, decreased visual acuity, retinal tears (rare). Appendix 1 Ocular effects and side effects Decreased visual acuity, mydriasis, angle closure glaucoma, cycloplegia, increased intraocular pressure.

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Falls o Falls are any incident that occurs where a resident lands on the floor or lands on an inanimate object. This would include slipping off the edge of the bed or wheelchair and tripping and landing on a dresser. Falls are the number one cause of non-fatal emergency room visits for the older population and are one of the most difficult problems in an assisted living facility. If a resident does not become physically injured during a fall, the resident may have serious psychological impacts as he or she can develop a fear of falling. This fear of falling can lead a resident to limit activities because he or she is scared a fall might occur. This decreased activity can result in reduced mobility, reduced physical fitness, and can actually increase the risk for falls. Supplement their responses with the information below and discuss how each item can reduce falls. General Rules in the Reduction of Falls o Medical treatment, rehabilitation, and environmental changes should occur together in order for fall prevention strategies to be effective. The following are fall prevention strategies that should be implemented with all residents living in assisted living: 629 All staff, regardless of department, should be trained on fall risk factors, recognizing residents at risk and corresponding prevention strategies. All residents should be assessed for fall risk prior to move-in and at least annually to determine a change in fall risk status. Residents should also be re-assessed if the resident starts falling or has a change in status that would increase his or her level of care. Develop a bowel and bladder toileting schedule to reduce the sense of urgency to get to the restroom. Escort residents needing toileting assistance to the bathroom every two (2) hours. Encourage residents to sit on the edge of the bed for a few minutes to avoid getting dizzy when standing up when they first wake up and at any time the resident is getting ready to transfer. This is particularly important when working with residents with dementia as this can also put you at risk of causing aggressive behavior in the resident. Encourage residents to use the grab bars when entering or exiting the shower or tub. Encourage resident to wear glasses and hearing aids when walking around, particularly at night. Make sure resident visits an eye doctor at least once a year to insure the prescription is correct on the glasses. Gripper socks are recommended to be worn when the resident cannot, or chooses not, to wear shoes. Environment in the reduction of falls o Residents Room Clean up spills immediately. The resident should never have to walk around furniture to move around his or her room. Double-sided tape or a non-stick backing can be used; however, throw rugs and bathmats can still contribute to falls if a resident catches his or her walker or cane on it. Make sure assistive devices have the rubbercovered tips to prevent snagging of the assistive device which can lead to falls. Sitting too close to the end of the wheelchair or scooting forward while rolling the wheelchair could result in the resident slipping out of the chair onto the floor. Keep oxygen tubing at a relatively short link and place concentrator in a location that would not allow the tubing to go all the way across the floor. Keep a light by the bed so the resident can cut it on before the resident attempts to go to the restroom. All chairs should have arms on them to reduce the risk of falling when standing up and sitting down. Keep hallways, dining room, and activity areas clean with nothing obstructing the walking areas. Lights in the hallways of the assisted living need to be kept on at all times, especially at night. Yoga, Tai Chi, and Qi Gong have been shown to reduce falls in older adults by increasing strength and improving balance. Have a pharmacist conduct a medication review of prescription and non-prescription medications. Eliminating non-essential medications or reducing dosages can reduce side effects and drug interactions.

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Human-impacts (agricultural and urban lands, road, railroad and powerline density) are lower in the combined and primary portfolios than the ecoregion and grassland area is 55 higher. A general lack of element data required a much larger data-mining effort of museum collections for occurrence information, and resulting in our adding more than 2,000 data occurrence records to the combined dataset. We lacked the necessary data to assemble a classification of aquatic community types for the Chihuahuan Desert. Therefore we were unable to take a coarse-filter approach to portfolio assembly and were forced to rely upon species occurrence data. The aquatics portfolio was heavily influenced by occurrence data on native fishes, although a few additional aquatic taxa were included in the analysis. These stream reaches were, in turn, used to identify sets of viable occurrences of aquatic targets. Additional stream reaches, springs, and other aquatic features were then added to the draft portfolio in order to capture additional occurrences of targets necessary to achieve conservation goals. Because of a severe lack of recent collections in most areas of the ecoregion, we frequently relied upon older occurrence data to imply the location of extant populations of target species. This is a questionable approach, and means that most of the aquatics portfolio, particularly those in Mexico, need ground-truthing to determine in the target elements still occur on those sites and are actually viable populations. The portfolio results were reviewed by scientists, planners and land managers who helped us adjust the portfolio as necessary to better meet goals and reflect biological and practical reality. This list was circulated among biologists and ecologists for review and modification. The list includes 168 targets, of which 167 are species targets (Table 11); a single aggregated system-type of Riparian/Aquatic was included, but further field work is required to differentiate these systems which were identified from coarsescale vegetation mapping. Such systems typically occur on the landscape at a finer scale than is often detected from remote sensing efforts. Since we relied so heavily upon species targets to select sites, we tried to be comprehensive in including native fish species as targets and in identifying extant occurrences of these. Note that this summary is for unique elements across the ecoregion, undifferentiated by section or subsection. Aquatic Targets by Group (n = 165) Group Fish Inverts Amphibians Reptiles Aquatic Habitats Number of Targets 111 48 1 4 1 Table 12. Rare Aquatic Targets (n = 166) Rare targets were assigned working Global Ranks of G1/T1 through G3/T3. Group Fish Herps Inverts G1 39 2 27 G2 19 11 Number of Targets G2G3 1 G3 17 2 4 Other Ranking 36 1 5 58 Table 13. Aquatic Ecoregional Endemics and Species of Limited Distribution (n = 132) Designations of endemic and limited are preliminary and based on available information. Number of Targets Endemic Limited 52 25 4 1 44 6 Group Fish Herps Inverts Target Occurrences Occurrence (location) records for species, ecological systems and vegetation-sites were gathered from diverse sources. Species occurrences were processed as pointlocations, and museum collections without latitude and longitude information were georeferenced where sufficient locality information allowed, otherwise the data was discarded. For little-explored areas of Mexico old point occurrences from museum records were accepted as records of potentially extant populations, but this is an area requiring corroborating data. In total, there were almost 3000 target occurrences for the ecoregion, including more than 2800 occurrences of fish. Target-specific goals were initially based on expected distribution drawn from a literature review and consultation with experts and were modified to reflect recorded locations. Goals are higher for rare targets, those with endemic or limited ecoregional distributions, and those that are declining. Minimum area goals were not set for aquatic species or systems; rather, element occurrences were aggregated such that entire reaches and stream networks were treated as viable target occurrences for the purposes of site selection. World Wildlife Fund representatives, biologists, ecologists, conservation strategists and technical experts. Review sessions were held in Monterrey, Mexico and Santa Fe, Albuquerque and San Antonio in the U.

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Values of at least 10 seconds are normal; the tear break-up time in keratoconjunctivitis sicca is less than 5 seconds. Slit lamp examination will reveal dilated conjunctival vessels and minimal pericorneal injection. A tear film meniscus cannot be demonstrated on the lower eyelid margin, and the lower eyelid will push the conjunctiva along in folds in front of it. In less severe cases the eye will only be reddened, although application of fluorescein dye will reveal corneal lesions (superficial punctate keratitis; see p. Treatment: Depending on the severity of findings, artificial tear solutions in varying viscosities are prescribed. These range from eyedrops to high-viscosity long-acting gels that may be applied every hour or every half hour, depending on the severity of the disorder. In persistent cases, the puncta can be temporarily closed with silicone punctal plugs. Patients should also be informed about the possibility of installing an air humidifier in the home and redirecting blowers in automobiles to avoid further drying of the eyes. However, it is more often caused by obstructed drainage through the lower lacrimal system. O Increased irritation of the eyes (by smoke, dust, foreign bodies, injury, or intraocular inflammation) leads to excessive lacrimation in the context of the defensive triad of blepharospasm, photosensitivity, and epiphora. Causes of obstructed drainage: O Stricture or stenosis in the lower lacrimal system. Etiology: the disorder is often attributable to pneumococci and staphylococci, and less frequently to streptococci. There may be a relationship between the disorder and infectious diseases such as mumps, measles, scarlet fever, diphtheria, and influenza. Symptoms and diagnostic considerations: Acute dacryoadenitis usually occurs unilaterally. Diseases such as tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, leukemia, or lymphogranulomatosis can be causes of chronic dacryoadenitis. However, the S-curve deformity of the palpebral fissure resulting from swelling of the lacrimal gland is readily apparent (see. Prognosis: the prognosis for chronic dacryoadenitis is good when the underlying disorder can be identified. Lacrimal gland tumors are much rarer in children (approximately 2% of orbital tumors). The relation of benign to malignant tumors of the lacrimal gland specified in the literature is 10: 1. The most frequent benign epithelial lacrimal gland tumor is the pleomorphic adenoma. Malignant tumors include the adenoid cystic carcinoma and pleomorphic adenocarcinoma. After a while, they displace the eyeball inferiorly and medially, which can cause double vision. Diagnostic considerations: Testing motility provides information about the infiltration of the tumor into the extraocular muscles or mechanical changes in the eyeball resulting from tumor growth. The echogenicity of the tumor in ultrasound studies is an indication of its consistency. Treatment: To the extent that this is possible, the entire tumor should be removed; orbital exenteration (removal of the entire contents of the orbit) may be required. The bulbar conjunctiva is loosely attached to the sclera and is more closely attached to the limbus of the cornea. The palpebral conjunctiva lines the inner surface of the eyelid and is firmly attached to the tarsus. The loose palpebral conjunctiva forms a fold in the conjunctival fornix, where it joins the bulbar conjunctiva. A half-moonshaped fold of mucous membrane, the plica semilunaris, is located in the medial corner of the palpebral fissure. The loose connection between the bulbar conjunctiva and the sclera and the "spare" conjunctival tissue in the fornices allow the eyeball to move freely in every direction of gaze.

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Tercer Censo Nacional Agropecuario: Sexta entrega de resultados 2014 - Cifras definitivas. Retrieved from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: data. The first classes in 1949 were held in a converted apartment building on Anaheim Street and the cost to enroll was just $12. The 169 transfer students selected from the 25 courses offered in Teacher Education, Business Education, and Liberal Arts which were taught by 13 faculty members. In 1972, the California Legislature changed the name to California State University, Long Beach. Today, more than 37,000 students are enrolled at Cal State Long Beach, and the campus annually receives high rankings in several national surveys. What students find when they come here is an academic excellence achieved through a distinguished faculty, hard-working staff, and an effective and visionary administration. This year, we will celebrate the accomplishments of the more than 9,000 graduates and candidates. These works received credits in 21 national and international publications, and, in 1972, additional community funds in the form of a trust provided for the completion of the Carlson Memorial Tower, designed by French sculptor Andre Bloc. The completion of a college degree is a significant milestone, one that brings a lifetime of intellectual, professional, and personal rewards. That your graduation comes at such an extraordinary moment in time makes your achievement all the more remarkable. I want you to know that your focus, persistence, resolve, and engagement over the past few difficult months have been an inspiration to faculty, staff, and classmates - and to me personally. You are joining a large and accomplished alumni community, now more than 350,000 members strong, and I encourage you to take advantage of every opportunity to network with and build on our great tradition of Beach Pride. The future may be unknowable, but your degree and your alma mater will always be mainstays in your life, as will so many of the connections and friendships you formed here. Graduate, you are entering a world greatly in need of your talents and contributions. Wherever your path may lead, I urge you to be strong, take heart, and continue doing all of the things that brought you the academic success we celebrate today. Dear Class of 2020, Congratulations on achieving this consequential milestone on the journey of a lifetime. I am sure that, when you look back upon your commencement in the years to come, it will be with mixed emotions. On this last point, it is my hope that you will also remember the ingenuity, adaptability, resilience and indomitable spirit you, your classmates, and your faculty and staff have demonstrated during these unprecedented and challenging times. I will forever admire the class of 2020, and you will always hold a special place in my heart. We also recognize the faculty who deepened your knowledge and inspired you to see the world from new perspectives. We acknowledge the counselors, advisors, librarians, coaches and support staff who championed you at every turn. And indeed, we appreciate the family, friends and loved ones who encouraged you, uplifted you and supported you along the way.

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The leaves are evergreen, alternate, lanceolate or oblong, long-pointed at the apex, oblique at the base; 2 to 5 in (5-12. Origin and Distribution the Jamaica cherry is indigenous to southern Mexico, Central America, tropical South America, the Greater Antilles, St. It is widely cultivated in warm areas of the New World and in India, southeast Asia, Malaya, Indonesia, and the Philippines, in many places so thoroughly naturalized that it is thought by the local people to be native. Several trees were introduced into Hawaii by the United States Department of Agriculture in 1922. The tree has been grown in southern Florida for its fruits and as quick shade for nursery plants. Volunteers from bird-distributed seeds spring up in disturbed hammocks and pinelands. The author supplied seeds requested by the Kenya Agriculture Research Institute, Kihuyu, in 1982. The Jamaica cherry is said to grow better than any other tree in the polluted air of Metropolitan Manila. It runs wild on denuded mountainsides and on cliffs and is being evaluated for reforestation in the Philippines where other trees have failed to grow and also for wildlife sanctuaries since birds and bats are partial to the fruits. In Brazil, they are considered too small to be of commercial value but it is recommended that the tree be planted on river banks so that the abundance of flowers and fruits falling into the water will serve as bait, attracting fish for the benefit of fishermen. In Malaya, the tree is considered a nuisance in the home garden because fruit-bats consume the fruits and then spend the day under the eaves of houses and disfigure the. The mid-19th Century botanist, Richard Spruce saw it in Ecuador "in the plains on both sides of the Cordillera" growing "abundantly by the Rio San Antonio, up to 2,500 ft" (760 m). When well-established, it is not harmed by occasional low winter temperatures in southern Florida. Soil the tree has the reputation of thriving with no care in poor soils and it does well in both acid and alkaline locations, and even on old tin tailings in Malaya. Propagation Brazilian planters sow directly into the field fresh seeds mixed with the sweet juice of the fruit. To prepare seeds for future planting, water is added repeatedly to the squeezed-out seeds and juice and, as the seeds sink to the bottom of the container, the water is poured off several times until the seeds are clean enough for drying in the shade. Culture the planting hole is prepared with a mixture of organic fertilizer and soil and with a fungicidal solution to prevent the young seedlings from damping-off. To assure good distribution of the seeds, they are mixed with water and sown with a sprinkling can. When well fertilized and watered, the seedlings will begin fruiting in 18 months and will be 13 ft (4 m) high in 2 years. Season Wherever it grows, fruits are borne nearly all year, though flowering and fruiting are interrupted in Florida and Sao Paulo, Brazil, during the 4 coolest months. Ripe fruits can easily be shaken from the branches and caught on cloth or plastic sheets. Pests and Diseases In Florida, in recent years, the fruits are infested with the larvae of the Caribbean fruit fly and are accordingly rarely fit to eat. Food Uses the Jamaica cherry is widely eaten by children out-of-hand, though it is somewhat sticky to handle. It is valued mostly as fuel, for it ignites quickly, burns with intense heat and gives off very little smoke. Jamaicans seek out trees blown down by storms, let them dry for a while and then cut them up, preferring this to any other wood for cooking. Bark: the bark is commonly used for lashing together the supports of rural houses. The stems of this variety are green or red and the leaves are green, sometimes with red veins. Its flowers are yellow and calyces red or green, non-fleshy, spiny and not used for food. The first has green, red-streaked, inedible calyces; the second and third have yellow-green edible calyces and also yield fiber.

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The juice makes an excellent sirup and has been successfully fermented into wine and brandy. Food Value Per 100 g of Edible Portion* Moisture Protein Ash Calcium Phosphorus Iron Thiamine Riboflavin Niacin 91. The heavy fragrance of the flowers, especially the male, is very obnoxious to some individuals. Medicinal Uses: the leaves are sudorific and employed in treating snakebite, in Asia. Mature leaves, almost hairless, are ovate to lanceolate-elliptical, 2 to 6 in (5-15 cm) long; deep-green above, bright-green beneath; thick and leathery. The odoriferous male flower spikes are hairy, generally in panicles in the leaf axils, occasionally solitary, more or less interrupted. The fruits, single or in clusters of 4 to 30, are round to obovoid, up to 3/4 in (2. The tree is native to coastal North Queensland, growing on the borders of rain forests and on the banks of streams and lagoons. Seeds were imported by the University of Florida Agricultural Research and Education Center, Homestead, Florida, in 1941 and the seedlings grew and bore well. The seeds germinate readily and seedlings begin to fruit at about 6 years of age when they may be 8 ft (2. One nursery in Florida offered grafted plants for sale but they did not become popular and the species is still rare. In Australia, the trees bloom from December to February and again in September and the fruits mature in their fall and winter months. In Florida, blooming takes place from April to June and the fruit is in season in September and October. The extracted juice is very dark-red, nearly black, but it yields, with the addition of pectin, a. The tree, like that of the bignay, is prone to infestation by mealybugs and scale insects and associated sooty mold. Male flower spikes, purplish or light-yellow with pollen, are dense, 1 to 2 in (2. The fruit is velvety, dark-red or very dark-purple, obliquely ovoid with one seed or occasionally double with 2 seeds. This species has a wide natural range: in tropical Africa, and from the moist tropical lower Himalayas in northern India through Ceylon, southern China, Southeast Asia and Malaysia to the Walsh River region of Queensland. Generally the fruits are eaten mainly by children, but they are appreciated as thirst-quenchers by forest people of Thailand. In Malaya and Indonesia, they are made into a kind of relish, and the very young leaves are added as acid flavoring to various foods. The wood is red, hard, close-grained, smooth and used for light rafters in huts, but for little else. Combined with the bark of other species, it is boiled and the decoction given to halt diarrhea. A decoction of young branches and papaya roots is considered an effective emmenagogue. Outside links Mashua can be found in Lost Crops of the Incas from National Academy Press. Constantin Protein Quality Evaluation of Apios amaericana Tubers (Abstract)-Holly E. Reynolds Compositional Changes in Apios americana Tubers During Storage (Abstract)-D. Reynolds Inoculation, Nitrogen, and Cultivar Effects on Nodulation and Tuber Yield of Apios americana (Abstract)-D. Heichel Evaluations of Preemergence Herbicides for Use in Apios americana (Abstract)-D.

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The authors interpreted these findings as evidence for preserved "implicit" remote semantic knowledge. One further study pointed to possible underlying brain mechanisms: Costello et al. However, the authors considered that "a purely organic account of the condition does not seem very plausible". In the "amnesic-present" condition, activation was increased in the precuneus, but diminished in the right posterior ventrolateral frontal cortex and a region close to the site of haemorrhage. The finding of reduced right ventrolateral frontal activation was broadly consistent with Markowitsch et al. This last finding indicates that psychogenic phenomena may produce their effect upon mechanisms operating in normal memory retrieval, which can of course also be affected by brain damage. Kopelman (2000a) proposed a model of how psychosocial factors and brain systems may influence autobiographical memory retrieval and personal identity (Figure 21. The relevant psychosocial factors are indicated in the ovals, and are derived largely from the literature on fugue. The model postulated that psychosocial stresses affect frontal control/executive systems, such that there is inhibition in the retrieval of autobiographical and episodic memories. As indicated in the model, this inhibition will be exacerbated, or made more likely, when a subject is extremely aroused or very depressed, or when there is a past "learning experience" of transient amnesia (see above, p. When such stresses are severe, the inhibition may even affect a "personal semantic belief system", resulting in a transient loss of knowledge of self and identity (dashed arrow). Despite this suppression of autobiographical memory retrieval by these frontal inhibitory mechanisms, anterograde learning (and "new" episodic memory retrieval) can occur from "normal" environmental stimuli via the intact medial temporal/diencephalic system. By contrast, Merskey (1992, 1995) regarded the widely varying geographical prevalence of this disorder as almost certainly reflecting differences in the reinforcing behaviour of doctors, psychologists, and the outside world. Kihlstrom & Schacter (2000) noted that, of almost 2000 papers on this topic, approximately two-thirds appeared between 1989 and 2000. According to Kihlstrom & Schacter (2000), a cardinal symptom of this disorder is the between-personality amnesia. Severe stress affects frontal control/executive system, thereby inhibiting the retrieval of autobiographical/episodic memories. This is more likely if the subject is extremely aroused, very depressed, or if there is past experience of a transient organic amnesia. If the stress is severe, there may even be a transient loss of knowledge of self and identity (dashed arrow). Kihlstrom & Schacter (1995, 2000) have described a number of experimental studies in such patients. The authors focused upon eight mutually amnesic personalities who could each be elicited in response to an appropriate request by the experimenter. Little or no evidence of between-personality explicit memory was observed across a variety of tests. The authors used a variant of the Crovitz procedure, previously employed in a fugue patient (Schacter et al. Explicit tests of free and cued recall gave strong evidence of interpersonality amnesia. However, implicit memory was spared on a test of picture-fragment completion, but not on a test of word-fragment completion, indicating that implicit memory is not always or uniformly spared in such patients. Such patients are rare, and they may be particularly vulnerable to suggestions from clinicians and researchers. The present author has noted that some of his fugue patients have used their fugue episode as a means of adopting a new way of life (Kopelman et al. These various theories can be grouped into those that place emphasis on the failure of memory at the time of initial encoding, which may be particularly true of amnesic offenders where severe alcohol or drug intoxication is implicated, and those that place emphasis on a failure of memory retrieval.

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Congenital viral infections of the brain: lessons learned from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in the Downloaded from cmr. Ocular findings in infants with microcephaly associated with presumed Zika virus congenital infection in Salvador, Brazil. Severe eye damage in infants with microcephaly is presumed to be due to Zika virus. Ophthalmological findings in infants with microcephaly and presumable intrauterus Zika virus infection. Rubella monitoring in pregnancy as a means for evaluating a possible reemergence of rubella. Epidemiological notes on some viruses isolated in Uganda; Yellow fever, Rift Valley fever, Bwamba fever, West Nile, 113. Genetic characterization of Zika virus strains: geographic expansion of the Asian lineage. Roth A, Mercier A, Lepers C, Hoy D, Duituturaga S, Benyon E, Guillaumot L, Souares Y. Concurrent outbreaks of dengue, Chikungunya and Zika virus infections: an unprecedented epidemic wave of mosquito-borne viruses in the Pacific 2012-2014. Virus-host coevolution: common patterns of nucleotide motif usage in Flaviviridae and their hosts. Stability of yellow fever virus under recombinatory pressure as compared with Chikungunya virus. Envelope protein glycosylation status influences mouse neuroinvasion phenotype of genetic lineage 1 West Nile virus strains. Isolation and characterization of West Nile virus from the blood of viremic patients during the 2000 outbreak in Israel. Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of Downloaded from cmr. N-linked glycosylation of West Nile virus envelope proteins influences particle assembly and infectivity. Both E protein glycans adversely affect dengue virus infectivity but are beneficial for virion release. Come fly with me: review of clinically important arboviruses for global travelers. El Nino and climate change-contributing factors in the dispersal of Zika virus in the Americas Impacts of El Nino Southern Oscillation and Indian Ocean Dipole on dengue incidence in Bangladesh. Geographical distribution of the association between El Nino South Oscillation and dengue fever in the Americas: a continental analysis using geographical information system-based techniques. El Nino-Southern Oscillation, local weather and occurrences of dengue virus serotypes. Climate change influences on global distributions of dengue and Chikungunya virus vectors. A classification system for mosquito life cycles: life cycle types for mosquitoes of the northeastern United States. On the seasonal occurrence and abundance of the Zika virus vector mosquito Aedes aegypti in the contiguous United States. Temperaturedependent development and survival rates of Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Effects of temperature and larval diet on development rates and survival of the dengue vector Aedes aegypti in north Queensland, Australia. Temperature and dengue virus infection in mosquitoes: independent effects on the immature and adult stages. Temperature, viral genetics, and the transmission of West Nile virus by Culex pipiens mosquitoes.

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A tineid moth and a beetle, Lasioderma testacea, have damaged stored dates in the Punjab. Dates held in storage are subject to invasion by the fig-moth, Ephestia cautella, and the Indian meal-moth, Plodia interpunctella. Fusarium albedinis causes the disastrous Bayoud, or Baioudh, disease in Morocco and Algeria. Over a 9-year study period of 26 resistant varieties in Morocco, Bayoud disease reduced the planting density from 364 palms per acre (900/ha) to 121 to 142 per acre (300-350/ha). Palm leaf pustule, small, dark-brown or black cylindrical eruptions exoding yellow spores, resulting from infestation by the fungus Graphiola phoenicis, is widespread but often a serious problem in Egypt. Date palm decline may be physiological or the result of a species of the fungus genus Omphalia. Diplodia disease is a fungus manifestation on leafstalks and offshoots and it may kill the latter if not controlled. The fungus caused condition called "black scorch" stunts, distorts and blackens leaves and adjacent inflorescences. Other fungus diseases include pinhead spot (Diderma effusum), gray blight (Pestalotia palmarum) and spongy white rot (Polyporus adustus). Food Uses Dry or soft dates are eaten out-of-hand, or may be seeded and stuffed, or chopped and used in a great variety of ways: on cereal, in pudding, bread, cakes, cookies, ice cream, or candy bars. The pitting may be done in factories either by crushing and sieving the fruits or, with more sophistication, by piercing the seed out, leaving the fruit whole. Surplus dates are made into cubes, paste, spread, powder (date sugar), jam, jelly, juice, sirup, vinegar or alcohol. Cull fruits are dehydrated, ground and mixed with grain to form a very nutritious stockfeed. In northern Nigeria, dates and peppers added to the native beer are believed to make it less intoxicating. The First International Date Conference was held in Tripoli, Libya in 1959, and led to the development of a special program under the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations to promote the commercial utilizetion of substandard or physically defective dates. Young leaves are cooked and eaten as a vegetable, as is the terminal bud or heart, though its removal kills the palm. In North Africa, Ghana and the Ivory Coast, date palms are tapped for the sweet sap which is converted into palm sugar, molasses or alcoholic beverages, but each palm should not be tapped more than 2 or 3 times. Tapping the edible date palm interferes with fruit production and it is wiser to tap P. When the terminal bud is cut out for eating, the cavity fills with a thick, sweet fluid (called lagbi in India) that is drunk for refreshment but is slightly purgative. Fresh spathes, by distillation, yield an aromatic fluid enjoyed by the Arabian people. Other Uses Seeds: Date seeds have been soaked in water until soft and then fed to horses, cattle, camels, sheep and goats. The fatty acids of the oil are: lauric, 8%; myristic, 4%; palmitic, 25%; stearic, 10%, oleic, 45%, linoleic, 10%; plus some caprylic and capric acid. Date seeds may also be processed chemically as a source of oxalic acid, the yield amounting to 65%. In addition, the seeds are burned to make charcoal for silversmiths, and they are often strung in necklaces. Leaves: In Italy, there are some groves of date palms maintained solely to supply the young leaves for religious use on Palm Sunday. The processed leaflets, combined with ground up peanut shells and corn cobs, are used for making insulating board. Fiber from the old leaf sheaths is used for various purposes including packsaddles, rope, coarse cloth and large hats. It has been tested as material for filtering drainage pipes in Iraq, as a substitute for imported filters. Fruits: In Pakistan, a viscous, thick sirup made from the ripe fruits, is employed as a coating for leather bags and pipes to prevent leaking. Wood: Posts and rafters for huts are fashioned of the wood from the trunk of the date palm, though this wood is lighter than that of the coconut. That of male trees and old, un productive females is readily available and used for aqueducts, bridges and various kinds of construction, also parts of dhows.

References:

  • https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/021368s20s21lbl.pdf
  • http://www.numc.edu/wp-content/uploads/old/our-services/primary-care/why%20dsmV%20should%20have%20returned%20to%20kraepelins%20concpet%20of%20manic%20depressive%20illness.pdf
  • http://edmedia.emory.edu/GStaton/Anoxic,%20Metabolic,%20and%20Toxic%20Encephalopathies.pdf
  • https://foodsafety.foodscience.cornell.edu/sites/foodsafety.foodscience.cornell.edu/files/shared/documents/CU-DFScience-Notes-Dairy-Cultures-HomoHeteroferm-10-08.pdf
  • https://www.aafp.org/afp/2001/0115/afp20010115p326.pdf