Nicola Jones and Thea Shahrokh, "Social Protection Pathways: Shaping Social Justice Outcomes for the Most Marginalized, Now and Post 2015," Background Note, Overseas Development Institute, London, April 2013. Esther Duflo, "Grandmothers and Granddaughters: Old-Age Pensions and Intrahousehold Allocation in South Africa," World Bank Economic Review 17, no. Evidence from the Agincourt Demographic Surveillance Site, South Africa," Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 35, suppl. Filho, "Household Income as a Determinant of Child Labor and School Enrollment in Brazil: Evidence from a Social Security Reform," Economic Development and Cultural Change 60, no. Ferreira, "Relative Effectiveness of Conditional and Unconditional Cash Transfers for Schooling Outcomes in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review," Campbell Systematic Review 9, no. Ties Boerma, "Protecting School Girls against Sexual Exploitation: A Guardian Programme in Mwanza, Tanzania," Reproductive Health Matters 6, no 12 (1998): 19ͳ0. Verma, "Building Support for Gender Equality among Young Adolescents in School: Findings from Mumbai, India," International Center for Research on Women, New Delhi, India, 2011; and Australian Curriculum, Assessment, and Reporting Authority. But around the world, no place is less safe for a woman than her own home-almost one-third (30 percent) of women have experienced physical or sexual violence or both by an intimate partner. However, women are much more affected because violence both reflects and reinforces underlying gender-based inequalities. At center stage were brutal gang rapes in India and the United States and cases of celebrity women being physically assaulted or even murdered by their husbands and boyfriends. But gender-based violence goes far beyond those high-profile cases, isolated incidents, and specific cultures or countries. A recent global study revealed that over 35 percent of women worldwide have experienced physical or sexual partner violence or non-partner sexual violence. The most common form is abuse by an intimate partner, which has profound consequences on the health and well-being of women and their families, as well effects on wider communities and development outcomes. For example, women in Tanzania define forced sex as sexual assault by an acquaintance or boyfriend, coercion as the use of guilt and emotional manipulation, and rape as sexual assault by a stranger. If you tell [anyone], your peers will ask you, is this your first time to be beaten? At the same time our analysis of 55 countries for the most recent year shows that 4 in 10 women still condone wife beating. We do not tackle other forms of violence against women, although child marriage is addressed in the next chapter. The final section of this chapter lays out promising directions gleaned from evidence about prevention and response efforts. The good news is that the momentum to end gender-based violence is growing, and evidence about what works is accumulating. Stories from survivors in Tonga the Women and Children Crisis Centre in Tonga provides care and support to survivors of violence. The Centre collected stories from survivors describing the range of violence they have suffered at the hands of the men in their lives-husbands, fathers, and fathers-in-law. Men cut their bodies with knives and hit them with heavy objects, such as tire jacks and hammers. Men stood and stepped on their faces and beat their backs, burned their bodies with scalding objects, and spat and urinated on them. Grandsons attacked their grandmothers, verbally terrorized them, and hit them in the face. Domestic violence is especially pernicious "because it occurs in a space that is also central to the development of human capabilities-the family. It should be noted, however, that because of the sensitive nature of collecting 58 Voice and Agency empowering women and girls for shared prosperity such information, all survey estimates are subject to some degree of underreporting (Box 3. The need to develop tools and methodologies to more accurately estimate prevalence and incidence of violence is discussed in chapter 7. Additionally, up to 75 percent had experienced emotionally abusive and controlling behavior in the preceding year. These regional averages can mask considerable variation across and within countries, but provide a useful overall snapshot.
This is reflected in the way that each Service conducts separate recruitment and marketing campaigns. These are joint information centres where individuals can go for information regarding careers in any of the three Services. In addition recruiting activities will also be conducted by Schools Advisers/Careers Officers, Service Youth Teams and (for the Army) Regimental Recruiting Teams. Potential recruits are attracted into the Services in a number of ways including advertisements on the television, on the internet and in the press. The number required in each trade in the each Service is assessed and figures are published at six monthly intervals so that adjustments may be made during the year. This shortfall in recruiting tends to be worse for the Army and for particular trades within the other two Services. For example, the Royal Navy has been experiencing problems in recruiting engineer officers. A Comprehensive approach is being adopted by the MoD to its manning strategy to improve recruitment and retention. Working on the theory that word of mouth is the most effective advertising the Army send young, recently trained soldiers back to their home towns and schools to talk to their friends about life in the Army. This has proved successful and (within the Army at least) this year has shown a marked improvement in recruitment. This has also been as a result of significant extra investment in national and regional marketing. The main reasons found for young people not wanting to join the Army were; being away from home, being injured or killed, and having to follow orders. This research indicates that the focus for recruitment must be on providing potential recruits with accurate information about jobs in the Armed Forces. The fresh recruitment strategy approach attempts to raise awareness of the Armed Forces across the full spectrum of society. People need to know what they do, how it is done and what the values and rewards are. This awareness cannot just be directed at the whole population, a target audience needs to be determined. An initiative being undertaken by the Royal Navy is the opportunity for school children to work for a day on a ship on an engineering problem and for older students there are familiarisation visits. Awareness of the Armed Forces needs to be established, the lifestyle needs to be communicated, training and qualifications emphasised and the career image enriched. All three Services have different selection procedures for Officers and other ranks. There is a filtering system that will select people at initial application stage, others will be invited to attend an assessment centre which can last up to three days. As well as technical ability individuals will be assessed on their general qualities to be a member of the Armed Forces. In addition, preliminary medical examinations will also be carried out that checks on weight, eyesight and hearing and individuals will need to pass a physical fitness assessment. Demand for aircrew is increasing in the commercial world, which means that retention in the Armed Forces is crucial. Increasingly young people have highlighted the fact that family and social life is sacred. If they can attain this work-life balance then they are more likely to be retained in their jobs. However, in order for these to work awareness of the technical development available must exist. The Royal Navy wants to improve the working and living environment for individuals. However, it has to be remembered that there are a huge number of reasons why people may leave the Armed Forces and just improving the pay and conditions does not mean that these people will be retained. The Bett report, published in June 1999 by the Independent Review of higher education, pay and conditions, was a wide ranging and independent report considering the framework for determining pay and conditions of service within the higher education sector.
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Society needs to be made aware of the career opportunities available within the Armed Forces in order to increase the amount of applicants. Carrying out a brand-audit allows the target population to be highlighted so that recruitment efforts can be directed towards them. A lot of recruitment is focused on attracting youth from either school or university. Familiarisation visits and meeting actual servicemen are great ways for people to learn about the Services and gain motivation to join. A lot of people have misconceptions about what working for the Armed Services would be like. By creating a brand essence the Services can create a constant theme to be communicated. Information should convey the wider aspects of working for the Armed Forces, especially that which will appeal to the youth population. Word of mouth information has been found to be more influential than that portrayed through the media as well. In regards to retention, there are no proper retention strategies in place within the Armed Forces. However, retention is recognised as being important in helping to maintain manning and there are some measures that have been taken to try to increase the retention of personnel. By the year 2000, the Navy undertook initiatives to increase enlistment bonuses, improve packaged incentives, improve applicant screening, improve recruiter screening, and increase recruiter support. As recruiting challenges continue, some of these improvements have been implemented, and several interim products from the S&T initiatives have been demonstrated. It allows extra time to make plans, settle personal affairs, finish school, study military terminology and protocol, and prepare for life in uniform. Scott, United States Navy Recruiting Command Snapshot: A Look at the Process, Policies and People with Recommendations, 17 April 2000, pp. Department of Defense Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs), DoD Announces Recruiting and Retention Numbers for September, News Release No. Odds are one will be disqualified due to drug test, criminal record check, bad credit rating, or pre-existing medical condition ͠or simply change his or her mind. Classification is the phase where a person is offered a particular job and signs a contract for service. At the start of the applicant interview, the classifier queries a database and is shown the schools for which the applicant is qualified. Job matches will be made with greater granularity and, when used with job performance measures, with greater predictability of job success. Once Sailors complete initial and advanced technical training, they begin a career-long series of job assignments ͠assignments every two to three years, to a unit on shore or at sea, in a job that uses their technical specialty or a specialized skill. Assignments are made by "detailers," that is, individuals (usually other Sailors) who are given lists of jobs coming open and lists of Sailors coming up for job rotation. Because some jobs are flagged as critical fills, the detailer, like the recruiter, is motivated to assign individuals to the critical jobs first, even if they are highly undesirable. Dissatisfaction with job assignments and the job assignment process can be a major dissatisfier considered at re-enlistment time. An S&T research initiative currently underway has developed technologies which will improve difficult aspects of the assignment process and, hopefully, increase satisfaction with it. For example, principles of free-market auctions have been applied to demonstrate that difficult-to-fill assignments can be filled with volunteers at lower cost than "slamming" individuals into jobs non-voluntarily and paying acrossthe-board bonuses to compensate. Interim research demonstrations indicate that increased access to information about available jobs alone increase Sailor satisfaction with the process. In the final demonstration of the research, intelligent agent technologies will be used to give Sailors and commands representation during the assignment process, making their specific needs and preferences available for consideration by the detailer or detailing agent. To help Navy leadership better manage the entire personnel pipeline (recruiting, selection and classification, training, detailing), a comprehensive set of decision support tools is under development. They will give Navy planners and managers the "big picture" view of what are now "stovepiped" processes and analytical tools to highlight changes occurring in the system, dissect causal relationships, and simulate implementation of various management decision options ("what if" gaming).
Pablo Juarez (Vanderbilt University Medical Center); Joseph Michael Lambert (Vanderbilt University); Sarah Marler (Vanderbilt University Medical Center); Nealetta Houchins-Juarez (Vanderbilt University); and Michelle Hopton, Kathleen Simcoe, and Jessica Torelli (Vanderbilt University Medical Center) 138. Al-Attrash, Moyyad Al-Tamimi, Faten Saleh, Mossab Osman, and Karam Mohamed (Shafallah Center For Persons with Disabilities) 142. Pablo Juarez, Zachary Warren, and Kathleen Simcoe (Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Treatment and Research Institute for Autism Spectrum Disorders) 145a. Tiger (University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee) After a lengthy and distinguished career as a teacher, researcher, and scientist, Jay retired from the faculty of the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee in December 2015. We wish to invite all friends and colleagues who have been influenced by Jay and his work to join in a celebration of his career and to help wish him health and happiness while he and his lovely wife Betty sit on a beach in the Caribbean laughing at the rest of us. The reunion will feature lots of friendly communications, access to refreshments and to our colleagues in nearby reunion meetings. There will be standard celeration chart projects on easels in poster session format to prompt discussion, feedback, and new ideas. The gathering will also reflect expansion of the Standard Celeration Society from a focus on educational applications to organizational behavior management, self-management, and other areas where precise measurement of performance and change over time provides added precision and power to behavioral methods and databased decision making. Skinner Foundation, and Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies Reunion Chair: Leslie A. This event is a great time to meet a diverse group of behavior analysts and friends of behavior analysis, from students to seasoned faculty, to well-known researchers in the field. This social reception will provide our members and other interested professionals with ample opportunity to connect and converse. Behavior Momentum India invites you to "Look East" at the expanding horizon of behavior analysis. Bay Path University Chair: Susan Ainsleigh (Bay Path University) A gathering for graduates and those supporting the mission of Bay Path University in Longmeadow, Burlington, and Springfield Massachusetts. Gallen 1 (Swiss) SkillCorps Reunion Chair: Sara Costello (Global Autism Project) Past, present, and future SkillCorps members are invited to share stories from the field, reminisce about past travels, and celebrate the future of the Global Autism Project SkillCorps program. Clark (Allegheny College) Students, alumni, and friends are invited to reconnect as Allegheny College celebrates 25 years of behavior analysis. Cloud State University) Alumni and friends, join us for an interesting and fun time. Enjoy refreshments and good conversation as we reunite with old friends and meet new ones who share our passion and commitment to behavior analysis. DiGennaro Reed (The University of Kansas) the year 2014 marked the 50th anniversary of the founding of the University of Kansas Behavior Analysis Program. It began in 1964 as the Department of Human Development and Family Life (1964͠2004) and evolved, 40 years later, into the Department of Applied Behavioral Science (2004Ͳ014). The reunion offers anyone associated with the program a chance to meet again and to meet anew, including current and past faculty members, undergraduate and graduate students, alumni and friends of the departments, and their families. Alumni, students, faculty, and friends are welcome to join in as we celebrate our 40 year history and share information about our current programs. Dorsey (Endicott College) Alumni, faculty, students and friends are invited to gather during this convention for an evening of social networking and conversation. Attendees will also hear from the board coordinators including Science, Education, Practice, Program, Membership, Affiliated Chapters, Special Interest Groups, and Publications. Developing Social Repertories With Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders Chair: Justin B. Leaf (Autism Partnership Foundation) Using Teaching Interactions to Teach Social Skills to Children With Autism and Intellectual Disabilities Aubrey Ng (St. Leaf (Autism Partnership Foundation), Misty Oppenheim-Leaf (Behavior Therapy and Learning Center); and Mitchell T. Interventions for Toddlers and Pre-Schoolers With Autism and Other Delays: A Focus on Food Selectivity, Pretend Play, and Generative Language Chair: Ilene S. Her intervention work includes families of youth referred for problems ranging from childhood aggression to chronic delinquency and parents referred for child abuse/neglect.
Macaskill (Victoria University of Wellington) Do Prior Investments or Future Payoffs Drive the Sunk-Time Effect? McIlvane (University of Massachusetts Medical School) Can Stimulus Relations Established Only Through Exclusion Yield Equivalence? Improving the Implementation of Function-Based Interventions in Schools Chair: Sarah E. Pinkelman (George Mason University) Discussant: Ronnie Detrich (The Wing Institute) Building School District Capacity to Conduct Functional Behavioral Assessment M. Davis (University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Little Leaves Behavioral Services), Amber E. Waltz (Eastern Michigan University) Precision Teaching for Accuracy-Based Instruction: Not Just the Science of "Go Fast! Newsome (Fit Learning) the Overemphasis on Decelerative Goals in Schools and Consultative Settings: More Than Just the Science of "Make the Behaviors Go Away! Recorded Session Treatment Integrity in Child Behavior Therapy and Educational Intervention Chair: Mark D. Noell is a professor of psychology at Louisiana State University and director of the doctoral program in school psychology. His research has focused on improving the quality and implementation of treatment plans for children in need of behavior therapy and academic intervention. Noell has been engaged in educational policy work that has sought to develop data analytic systems for time-sensitive and long-term policy-making. He has been engaged with partners in Louisiana and nationally examining methods for assessing the quality of teacher preparation. Abstract: the existing scientific literature strongly suggests that the most effective interventions for children and youth typically require active implementation of treatment in their natural environments by in-vivo care providers. Research over the last two decades in particular has demonstrated that simply providing care providers verbal directions is frequently 280 insufficient to ensure treatment implementation. This session will focus on findings relevant to ensuring implementation of intervention plans in the natural environment with a particular focus on teachers as the treatment agents. The session will describe conceptual issues surrounding the assessment and assurance of treatment integrity in applied settings. Additionally, the session will review findings regarding procedures that have been found to be effective across studies in supporting intervention implementation as well as often repeated hypotheses about factors mediating treatment implementation that have not been supported by data. The session will conclude with a focus on future directions and the application of a behavior analytic science of treatment implementation across contexts. Special Ethical Issues in Intrusive Programming Chair: Bruce Linder (Pryor, Linder and Associates; Safe Management Group Inc. He received his undergraduate degree in psychology at the University of New Hampshire, where he worked with John A. After a two-year postdoctoral stint with Anthony (Tony) Wright at the University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Peter joined the Purdue University faculty in 1981. His most recent, groundbreaking work on stimulus-class formation in pigeons has revealed a wide range of rarely and never before seen categorization effects in nonhuman animals. In addition, Peter has proposed an innovative theory of stimulus-class formation that explains and predicts these effects from basic assumptions about stimulus control and reinforcement processes. Abstract: the ability to categorize physically dissimilar stimuli such as objects, words, etc. Categorization is evident in the emergence of "untrained" behavior and novel stimulus control relations after explicit training on other relations. After highlighting the longrecognized importance of categorization and equivalence in behavior theory, the presentation will describe how sets of interchangeable stimuli (viz. The presenter will also describe his theory of stimulus class formation (Urcuioli, 2008) which emphasizes the reinforcement contingencies of training, proper identification of the functional stimuli, and the combinatorial effect of the same functional stimuli in different trained relations. The theory successfully explains the conditions under which emergent relations have, and have not, been observed and accurately predicts a variety of novel equivalence-like relations. Recorded Session Preparing Teachers and Practitioners to Meet the Needs of All Students in Early Care and Education Settings: How Do We Do It? Her programming expertise focused on children with significant disabilities, including challenging behaviors, in inclusive classrooms. These classrooms provided sites for student observations and student teachers from teacher preparation programs. She has taught undergraduate courses at the University of Delaware since 2009 and supervised student teachers as faculty in the Department of Human Development and Family Studies.
Syndromes
Which of the following is true about regeneration of axons after his nerve injury? It occurs by a mechanism that is dependent on the proliferation of Schwann cells d. It occurs in conjunction with degeneration and phagocytosis of endoneurial tubes. The nodes of Ranvier increase the efficiency of neural transmission by means of which of the following? Decelerating the closing of Na+-gated channels Enhancing myelination of the internodal segment Sequestration of Na+ entry into the axon Multiple firings due to local ionic currents around the node Decreasing threshold for the action potential 141. Astrocytic foot processes surrounding blood vessels entering the brain parenchyma d. At the neuromuscular junction, action potentials are coupled to neurotransmitter release by which of the following? Ca2+-gated channels Na+-gated channels K+-gated channels Cl-gated channels Gap junctions Nervous System 233 143. Following a vehicular accident, a 45-year-old male is transported to the emergency room by ambulance. He presents with motor deficits on his right side and is unable to move his right arm and leg and has slurred speech. The injury has most likely occurred on which side and affects which of the following cells, which predominate in the accompanying photomicrograph? Right, Purkinje cells Left, Purkinje cells Right, pyramidal cells Left, pyramidal cells Left, basket cells 234 Anatomy, Histology, and Cell Biology 144. A 36-year-old woman internist completes a 4 week medical mission to rural Bahia, Brazil. Eighteen months after her return she complains of loss of sensation in her hands and feet. Neurologic examination reveals loss of temperature, light touch, pain, and deep pressure on her hands and feet. A lepromin test is positive and a biopsy reveals inflammation of the structure labeled C in the accompanying photomicrograph. Zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland Pyramidal cells Ventral horn cells Astrocytes Sensory neurons of the cranial ganglia 146. The child was delivered by a mid-forceps delivery, had seizures soon after births and developed an intracranial hemorrhage with left-sided hemiplegia. The atropine affects the structure labeled with the arrow to: (Micrograph courtesy of Dr. Block parasympathetic pathways Stimulate parasympathetic pathways Block sympathetic pathways Stimulate sympathetic pathways Bind to acinar cells 236 Anatomy, Histology, and Cell Biology 147. A 45-year-old man presents at the neurology clinic with memory loss, mood swings, and clinical depression. A 47-year-old man is treated with Fluoxetine hydrochloride (Prozac) for clinical depression. This pharmaceutical agent functions through a mechanism that involves the structure labeled "C" in the transmission electron micrograph below. The structure labeled "C" in the accompanying transmission electron micrograph is the site of which of the following? Neurotransmitter reuptake in synaptic vesicles by endocytosis Binding of neurotransmitter to postsynaptic receptors Neurotransmitter-induced alteration of membrane permeability Membrane continuity between adjacent neurons Degradation of neurotransmitter 238 Anatomy, Histology, and Cell Biology 149. A 35-year-old woman presents with weakness and spasticity in the left lower extremity, visual impairment and throbbing in her left eye, difficulties with balance, fatigue, and malaise. Microglia Oligodendrocytes Astrocytes Schwann cells Axons of multipolar neurons Nervous System 239 150. A 33-year-old woman is referred to the neurology clinic complaining of weakness of the eye muscles which began 2 months ago. Her speech is slurred and she says that she has difficulty clearly enunciating and pronouncing many words. The physical exam reveals bilateral ptosis and an unstable, waddling gait, and some shortness of breath.
If the central ray is oriented with an excessive vertical angulation, the palatal roots appear disproportionately longer than the buccal roots. The practitioner can prevent distortion errors by aligning the object and film parallel with each other and the central ray perpendicular to both. Paralleling and Bisecting-Angle Techniques From the earliest days of dental radiography, a clinical objective has been to produce accurate images of dental structures that are normally visually obscured. If the direction of the x-ray beam is not at right angles to the long axis of the tooth, then the appearance of the tooth is distorted, as seen by apparent elongation of the length of the palatal roots. Additionally, distortion of the relationship of the height of the alveolar crest relative to the cementoenamel junction occurs. In this case the buccal alveolar crest appears to lie superior to the palatal cementoenamel junction. In this method the film is placed as close to the teeth as possible without deforming it. However, when the film is in this position, it is not parallel to the long axes of the teeth. This angle between a tooth and the film is especially apparent when teeth are radiographed in the maxilla or anterior mandible. Although the projected length of a tooth is correct, the image is still distorted because the film and object are not parallel and the x-ray beam is not directed at right angles to them. When the central ray is not perpendicular to the bisector plane, the length of the image of a projected tooth changes. If the central ray is directed at an angle that is more positive than perpendicular to the bisector, the image of the tooth is foreshortened. Likewise, if it is inclined with more negative angulation to the bisector, the image is elongated. In recent years, the bisecting-angle technique has been used less frequently for general periapical radiography as use of the paralleling technique has increased. B, the vertex occlusal view shows that the canine lies palatal to the roots of the lateral incisor and first premolar. The paralleling technique is the preferred method for making intraoral radiographs. It derives its name as the result of placing the film parallel to the long axis of the tooth. This procedure minimizes image distortion and best incorporates the imaging principles described in the first three sections of this chapter. To achieve this parallel orientation, the practitioner often must position the film toward the middle of the oral cavity, away from the teeth. Although this allows the teeth and film to be parallel, it results in some image magnification and loss of definition by increasing unsharpness. As a consequence, the paralleling technique also uses a relatively long open-ended aiming cylinder ("cone") to increase the focal spot-to-object distance. This directs only the most central and parallel rays of the beam to the film and teeth and reduces image magnification while increasing image sharpness and resolution. The paralleling technique has benefited from the development of fastspeed film emulsions, which allow relatively short exposure times in spite of an increased target-to-object distance. Chapter 9 discusses filmholding instruments and techniques for intraoral radiography with the paralleling technique. Object Localization In clinical practice, the dentist must often derive from a radiograph three-dimensional information concerning patients. The dentist may wish to use radiographs, for example, to determine the location of a foreign object or an impacted tooth within the jaw. Figure 4-10 shows the first method, in which two projections taken at right angles to one another localize an object in or about the maxilla in three dimensions. In clinical practice the position of an object on each radiograph is noted relative to the anatomic landmarks. This allows the observer to determine the position of the object or area of interest.
Reactions occur 5 to 20 days after transfusion and are due to antibodies undetectable at the time of compatibility testing. More than 30 percent of antibodies disappear with time, but recipients can mount anamnestic responses to further stimulation by transfusion. Delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions may cause severe anemia, painful events, and even death. Acquiring and maintaining adequate records of previous transfusions and complications arising from them. Screening for newly acquired antibodies 1 to 2 months after each transfusion to detect transient antibodies that cause a subsequent delayed reaction. This may be accomplished by: ͠Typing the patient before transfusion (if this has not already been done) for Rh and Kell blood group antigens to avoid transfusion of cells with these antigens (particularly E, C, and Kell) if the patient lacks them. Although transfusion may be necessary in some patients, an alternative course may be to avoid transfusion and to administer corticosteroids, large doses of erythropoietin, and possibly intravenous immune globulin. Such antibodies may cause febrile reactions that can be prevented by the removal of leukocytes by filtration or washing. These antibodies, and those for serum proteins, can cause allergic reactions that can be prevented by prophylaxis with an antihistamine (BenadrylΩ, leukodepletion, or removal of plasma. Patients alloimmunized to one red cell antigen are more likely to become alloimmunized to others. Transfusions should be given only for clearcut indications, and care should be taken in the selection of units of blood. Patients should be counseled to advise any new physician of their history of alloimmunization and to carry a card or identification bracelet that lists their red blood cell phenotype and any identified antibodies. Patients who have received multiple transfusions should be monitored serially for hepatitis C and other infections (15,16). Parvovirus occurs in 1 in every 40,000 units, and is associated with acute anemic events and multiple sickle cell complications. Repeatedly transfused hemoglobinopathy patients are particularly vulnerable to Yersinia entercolitica and bacteremia from poor skin cleansing before phlebotomy. All patients who develop fever after transfusion need to be assessed immediately for potential bacterial infection. Autoimmune anemia occurs because the recipient produces antibodies against self-antigens, which may persist up to 2 to 3 months before disappearing. In contrast to thalassemia patients, most patients are iron overloaded because of intermittent transfusions throughout their lives. Therefore, a comprehensive program to monitor and treat iron overload is necessary. Measurement of serial serum ferritins may help but can be unreliable because ferritin is an acute phase reactant and values are altered by liver disease, inflammation, and vitamin C stores. Liver biopsy is the most accurate test for iron overload and can be performed safely by an experienced physician. The sample should be of adequate size and sent to a reference lab familiar with liver iron quantitation. Some programs recommend liver biopsies at the start of chelation and every 2 years thereafter. The best indication to begin chelation therapy is a rise in liver iron stores to 7 mg/g dry weight. Alternatively, cumulative transfusions of 120 cc of pure red cells per kilogram of body weight can be used (5). Serum ferritin levels above 1,000 ng/mL in the steady state are helpful, but the risk of under- and overtreatment occurs. All iron-overloaded patients should be followed at comprehensive sickle cell centers that can monitor organ toxicity and provide ongoing education and support. Exchange transfusions and chelation therapy are the only two accepted methods to manage transfusion-related iron overload.
Decreases after the 10th day of birth Rooting Touch cheek near the corner of the mouth. Hold infant in a cradling horizontal position and slightly lower the baby in a fast motion toward the ground while making a loud sound. Finally, it will bring the arms in toward its body Palmar grasp the baby will immediately grasp the finger. Hold the baby under the arm and permit the bare feet of the baby to touch a flat surface. Located under the hardest bone in the body, these control not only hearing but also a sense of gravity and motion: A) the incus and the stapes B) the pinna and the ear drum C) the vestibular nerve and the semicircular canals D) the eustachian tube and the stapes 2. The retina does the following; A) allows vision in light and dark, using cones and rods B) Gives depth perception using binocular vision C) Contains the ciliary muscles that control the shape of the lens D) Protects and supports the shape of the eye 3. When eating a piece of candy, I will use the following to sense that it is sweet A) Fungiform papillae B) Filiform papillae C) Foliate papillae D) Circumvallate papillae E) All of the above 5. If I have a cold, food may not taste as good to me because A) the nerve fibrils are not functioning properly B) My food will taste the same; taste and smell have nothing in common C) Papilla become blocked by mucus and are unable to function D) Olfaction, taste and trigeminal receptors together contribute to the flavor of my food 6. Walking from a well lit room into a dark room would cause the following to occur A) the sclera in the eye to open and eventually allow me to see in the dark B) the extraocular muscles in the eye to open and eventually allow me to see in the dark C) the cones in the eye to open and eventually allow me to see in the dark D) the rods in the eye to open and eventually allow me to see in the dark 7. Hair cells in the ear A) Are the actual sensory receptors that will fire off action potentials when they are disturbed B) Show a graded response, instead of the spikes typical of other neurons C) "Rub" against the overhanging tectorial membrane D) All of the above 8. Eyesight decreases with age because A) Older eyes receive much less light at the retina B) There are numerous eye diseases that can affect an older eye C) the extent to which the pupil dilates decreases with age D) all of the above 9. Teens walking off of a roller coaster in Magic Mountain seem to have vertigo because A) the fluid in the auricle has not stopped moving causing conflicts with the information coming from your vision B) the fluid in the cochlea has not stopped moving causing conflicts with the information coming from your vision C) the fluid in the tympanic membrane has not stopped moving causing conflicts with the information coming from your vision D) the fluid in the stirrup has not stopped moving causing conflicts with the information coming from your vision 10. These receptors react to foods treated with monosodium glutamate A) Salt B) Sour C) Bitter D) Sweet E) Umami 11. Human Taste Response as a Function of Locus of Stimulation on the Tongue and Soft Palate. A Novel Multigene Family May Encode Odorant Receptors: A Molecular Basis for Odor Recognition. The Muscular System the muscular system is the biological system of humans that produces movement. The muscular system, in vertebrates, is controlled through the nervous system, although some muscles, like cardiac muscle, can be completely autonomous. Muscle is contractile tissue and is derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells. Its function is to produce force and cause motion, either locomotion or movement within internal organs. Much of muscle contraction occurs without conscious thought and is necessary for survival, like the contraction of the heart or peristalsis, which pushes food through the digestive system. Voluntary muscle contraction is used to move the body and can be finely controlled, such as movements of the finger or gross movements that of the biceps and triceps. Within the cells are myofibrils; myofibrils contain sarcomeres which are composed of actin and myosin. These bundles are then grouped together to form muscle, and is lined by epimysium. Muscle spindles are distributed throughout the muscles, and provide sensory feedback information to the central nervous system. Skeletal muscle, which involves muscles from the skeletal tissue, is arranged in discrete groups. In contrast, smooth muscle occurs at various scales in almost every organ, from the skin (in which it controls erection of body hair) to the blood vessels and digestive tract (in which it controls the caliber of a lumen and peristalsis, respectively). There are approximately 640 skeletal muscles in the human body (see list of muscles of the human body). Contrary to popular belief, the number of muscle fibers cannot be increased through exercise; instead the muscle cells simply get bigger. It is however believed that myofibrils have a limited capacity for growth through hypertrophy and will split if subject to increased demand. There are three basic types of muscles in the body (smooth, cardiac, and skeletal). While they differ in many regards, they all use actin sliding against myosin to create muscle contraction and relaxation.
There was no immunohistochemical evidence of bacteria in this tissue (Figure 1, panel D). The panel concluded that the immediate cause of this stillbirth could be attributed to a congenital pneumonia, caused by S. Vitorino is a clinical researcher at Centro de Investiga褯 em Sade Manhi衬 Maputo, Mozambique. Her research interests are in pediatric infectious diseases and key determinants of pediatric causes of death in resourceconstrained settings. Validity of a minimally invasive autopsy for cause of death determination in stillborn babies and neonates in Mozambique: an observational study. Uncultivated bacteria as etiologic agents of intra-amniotic inflammation leading to preterm birth. Address for correspondence: Rosauro Varo, Centro de Investiga褯 em Sade Manhi衬 Clinical Department, Rua 12 Cambeve, Manhica, Maputo 1919, Mozambique; email: rosauro. Chitale n 1954, a freshman veterinary student became "engaged in an inner struggle" (1). A wise mentor took him to hear a minister speak about the missionary physician Albert Schweitzer (1875ͱ965), who had devoted his entire life to serving others. Each morning the student repeated an 18th century prayer reflecting the teachings of physician-philosopher-rabbi Moses ben Maimon, or Maimonides (1135ͱ204): "Grant that I may be filled with love for my art and for my fellow man. With renewed purpose, the young scholar finished his Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degree (1958), then his Medical Doctor degree (1962). Thus began the remarkable, humanistic career of Myron Gilbert ("Mike") Schultz (Figure). After graduation from the Bronx High School of Science, he spent 2 years (1952ͱ954) at the New York State College of Agriculture, 4 more at the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell (1954ͱ958), and another 4 at Albany Medical College (1958ͱ962), during which time he supported himself by practicing veterinary medicine at the Saratoga Raceway and, as he would later relate, repeatedly abandoning the horses to rush back and deliver babies. Almost immediately after becoming branch chief, Mike began studying the national epidemiology of Pneumocystis carinii (now named P. Mike displayed yet another talent: writing elegant memoriams upon the deaths of admired scientists, such as malariologist Meir Yoelli (1912ͱ975) (17). He respected heroism and sacrifice-not only the sacrifices of men like Schweitzer but also men like Carriwho died after inoculating himself to discover the cause of bartonellosis (14); like Goldberger, the Eastern European immigrant who overcame oppressive anti-semitism (16); and even like Stevenson, who abandoned his world of comfort to die of tuberculosis on a remote Pacific island among beloved native Samoans (18). Mike cared greatly about migrants and refugees; his essay on forgotten diseases, an early formulation of what are now called neglected tropical diseases, was as much about forgotten people as about forgotten diseases (19). He still saw the world with an almost childlike wonder; he was fascinated by the new public health approaches and technologies. Voicing the apocryphal "Chinese curse" (actually a mid-20th-century saying of disputed English language origin), Mike would comment that "We live in interesting times! And so it seemed like the end of a noble era when Mike Schultz died, at age 81, on February 19, 2016. Those who mourned his passing spanned 3 generations, from each continent, across many disciplines, including a large loving family and a host of cherished friends and colleagues. The remembrances that poured forth, written independently by many different people, were strikingly alike in describing Mike as "selfless," "dedicated," and possessing "passion, wisdom, and patience. Ashford Medal from the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, for which he credited his mentors and his wife, Selma, for having inspired him to work to "end the suffering. He was a devoted family man and an imaginative artist: his awardwinning sculpture, Galatea, once on display at the Atlanta Memorial Art Center, not only moved but also emitted the recorded notes of the Bachianas Brasileiras No. He was quietly proud of his scientific and artistic work but embarrassed by adulation, uncomfortable with attention to his virtues. After his death, a colleague wrote in the West African language Yoruba that Mike was "an omolubi, a person of honor who believes in hard work, respects the rights of others, and gives to the community in action and deeds, a person of integrity. In aspiring to live up to the humanitarian ideals of men like Yoelli, Goldberger, and Schweitzer, Mike Schultz lived a life of richness and meaning; he touched countless others with his gentle spirit, his faith, and his belief in their inherent worthiness, inspiring them to find their own best selves. He now sits quietly in the company of his great heroes, and we remember him as one of them. Aus der Hebr媳chen handschrift eines ber𨭴en J𤩳chen arztes in Egypten aus dem zwen jahrhundert. The Power of First Steps number of paintings by the Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh feature children. He sought care there after suffering a mental breakdown on December 23, 1888, and continuing to experience hallucinations and delusions.
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