The full 13-plex panel is designed to allow flexible customization of targets and BioLegend also offers lymphoid, erythroid, and myeloid-specific 7-plex sub-panels. This in vitro culture system allows for the commitment, differentiation, and proliferation of T cells from hemogenic endothelial cells. These cells have key roles in pathogen killing and antigen presentation to bridge the gap between innate and adaptive immunity. Macrophages can become M1 or M2-polarized, which are generally considered proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory states respectively. Dendritic cells are regarded as the better antigen presenting cell of the two, and can be classified as either classical or plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Phenotyping these myeloid cells can often prove to be very difficult, as they share several markers, and marker expression may change depending on tissue location. Produced by B cells, they can be expressed in the cell membrane, constituting the B cell receptor, or secreted by plasma cells to reach sites of infection. There are also several types of both chains, which play a role in the recognition of the antibody by several surface cell receptors (Fc receptors) and other immune molecules. The amino terminal end of both chains defines the region that recognizes and binds other molecules, referred to as antigens. The ultimate goal of antibodies is to help in the elimination of these antigens, and the pathogens from which they originate. Thus, the function of antibodies can be generally divided into: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Cross-linking (agglutination) Complement activation Opsonization Antibody-dependent cellmediated cytotoxicity Neutralization Virus Microbe B cell Antibodies Protective Mechanism of Binding Antibodies to Antigens Cross Linking Complement Activation Bacteria Enhances phagocytosis and reduces number of infectious units to be dealt with Opsonization Phagocyte Lysis of Microbes AntIbody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity Coating antigen with antibody enhances phagocytosis Antibodies attached to target cell cause destruction by non-specific immune system cells Neutralization Bacterium Toxin Figure 1. Specific types of antibodies may be more effective at mediating some of these effector functions. Activation of complement used both in research and clinical Fc cascade Receptor applications. Agonistic signaling C1s Antibody Natural Antibody single targets and their effector Ligand Cytokine functions facilitate unique Receptor applications such as intracellular Speci c Receptor Cytokine Antibody Receptor signaling activation or cell depletion. Thus, when referring to technical application, a biofunctional antibody Cell Death can be defined as an antibody that can either mimic or interrupt the natural Post-receptor signaling biological effects associated with ligand-receptor interaction, or have a biological effect on a target cell or molecule. Antibodies without a functional effect are instead preferred for phenotypic characterization or experiments where cells should not respond to the antibody treatment. Variables such as endotoxin content, stabilizers, preservatives and any other additives can be confounding factors that are undesirable in the experimental outcome or readout. Indeed, the term cancer encompasses a collection of related diseases that can start almost anywhere in the body. As a natural process, the cells in an organism grow and divide, giving rise to new cells as needed to replace compromised cells or cells that have died. When abnormal cells that should be eliminated survive, or divide without control, a localized tumor (in a mass of tissue for example) or cancer condition starts to evolve (in blood for example). As our understanding of the disease improves, better and more efficient tools to combat it are developed. These regulatory mechanisms are largely controlled by the immune checkpoint molecules. Tumor cells engage these receptors to skew the immune response towards suppression, facilitating tumor cell proliferation without control by relevant cells or factors from the immune system. By targeting these molecules with monoclonal antibodies, it is possible to promote an activated state in T cells, inducing a sustained response against the cancer cells. It is involved in cell recruitment during inflammation and participates in cell adhesion and extravasation from blood vessels. It is an excellent reagent to study autoimmunity or other conditions involving B cell deficiency, or even as an equivalent mouse model to Rituximab. At day 7, the mice were sacrificed, spleens were collected, sectioned and stained for microscopy analysis. After 14 days, the animals were sacrificed, lymphoid organs and serum were collected, and the remaining tumor was excised.
Glomerulation observed during transurethral resection of the prostate for patients with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia is a common finding but no predictor of clinical outcome. Changes in serum prostate-specific antigen following prostatectomy in patients with benign prostate hyperplasia. Decreased expression of G protein-coupled receptor kinases in the detrusor smooth muscle of human urinary bladder with outlet obstruction. Prognostic significance of serum soluble Fas level and its change during regression and progression of advanced prostate cancer. Prostate-specific antigen, prostate volume and transition zone volume in Japanese patients with histologically proven benign prostatic hyperplasia. Videourodynamic studies in men with lower urinary tract symptoms: a comparison of community based versus referral urological practices. Indium-111 labelled platelet scintigraphy can predict the immunological origin of fever in patients on dialysis carrying a non-functioning renal allograft. Urinary symptoms, quality of life and sexual function in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy before and after prostatectomy: a prospective study. Prevalence of conditions potentially associated with lower urinary tract symptoms in men. Nephropathic cystinosis in adults: natural history and effects of oral cysteamine therapy. Analysis of renal function in the immediate postoperative period after partial liver transplantation. Vesicourethral anastomosis during radical retropubic prostatectomy: does the number of sutures matter. Abnormalities of apoptotic and cell cycle regulatory proteins in distinct histopathologic components of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Natural history of lower urinary tract symptoms: preliminary report from a community-based Indian study. Histomorphology of the sphincteric musculature of the lower urinary tract including 3D-reconstruction. Muscle systems of the lower urinary tract of the male rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta): histomorphology and 3-dimensional reconstruction. Urtica dioica agglutinin: separation, identification, and quantitation of individual isolectins by capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of diseased prostate: spectroscopic features of malignant versus benign pathology. Management of benign prostate hyperplasia: an overview of alphaadrenergic antagonist. Markers of bone turnover for the management of patients with bone metastases from prostate cancer. Percutaneous endoscopic trigonoplasty in children: long-term outcomes and modifications in technique. No change in calculated creatinine clearance after tenofovir initiation among Thai patients. Isoflavones and the prevention and treatment of prostate disease: is there a role. Applications of Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy in studies of benign prostate and prostate cancer. Irrigation fluid absorption during transurethral resection of the prostate: spinal vs. Evaluation of infectious etiology and prognostic risk factors of febrile episodes in neutropenic cancer patients. Clinical correlation of prostatic lithiasis with chronic pelvic pain syndromes in young adults. Effectiveness of lidocaine lubricant for discomfort during pediatric urethral catheterization.
Diseases
Safety and local tolerability of intramuscularly administered ertapenem diluted in lidocaine: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study versus intramuscular ceftriaxone. Urinary symptom flare after brachytherapy for prostate cancer is associated with erectile dysfunction and more urinary symptoms before implantation. C-reactive protein is significantly associated with prostate-specific antigen and metastatic disease in prostate cancer. Serum triiodothyronine is increased in men with prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone is elevated in men with Gleason 8 prostate cancer. Elevated prostate specific antigen serum levels after intravesical instillation of bacillus Calmette-Guerin. Re: Free and complexed prostate specific antigen in the differentiation of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer: studies in serum and plasma samples. Ratio of alpha 1antichymotrypsin-prostate specific antigen to total prostate specific antigen in prostate cancer diagnosis. Comparison of the clinical validity of free prostate-specific antigen, alpha-1 antichymotrypsinbound prostate-specific antigen and complexed prostate-specific antigen in prostate cancer diagnosis. A multicenter clinical trial on the use of alpha1antichymotrypsin-prostate-specific antigen in prostate cancer diagnosis. Page 132 118860 120770 136460 136270 102910 125390 103420 113110 102100 110470 120660 161550 118260 119300 118120 September 2010 Appendix 3: Master Bibliography American Urological Association, Inc. Development of novel peptide ligands modulating the enzyme activity of prostate-specific antigen. Finasteride effects on hypoxia and angiogenetic markers in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Sexual function before and after various treatments for symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. Obstructive uropathy induced bladder dysfunction can be reversible: bladder compliance measures before and after treatment. Office based transurethral needle ablation of the prostate with analgesia and local anesthesia. Risk factors for renal scarring in children and adolescents with lower urinary tract dysfunction. The mechanism of adverse events associated with terazosin: an analysis of the Veterans Affairs cooperative study. The impact of open radical retropubic prostatectomy on continence and lower urinary tract symptoms: a prospective assessment using validated self-administered outcome instruments. Interactive 3-dimensional computerized tomography reconstruction in evaluation of the living renal donor. Cytochrome P450 3A5 is highly expressed in normal prostate cells but absent in prostate cancer. Activin A circulating levels in patients with bone metastasis from breast or prostate cancer. Urge incontinence and voiding postponement in children: somatic and psychosocial factors. Severity of baseline proteinuria predicts renal response in immunoglobulin light chainassociated amyloidosis after autologous stem cell transplantation. The association between erectile function and severity of lower urinary tract symptoms. Characteristics of normal prostate vascular anatomy as displayed by power Doppler. Pseudohyperplastic prostatic adenocarcinoma on needle biopsy and simple prostatectomy. A scientific basis for the therapeutic effects of Pygeum africanum and Serenoa repens. The molecular genetic basis of mitochondrial malfunction in bladder tissue following outlet obstruction. Etiology and clinical course of abdominal pain in senior patients: a prospective, multicenter study. Using routine data to complement and enhance the results of randomised controlled trials.
We need to combine efforts between organizations and societies to perform studies of these diseases and to exchange information and experiences to improve patient care worldwide. Estimated figure: 450 Allergic disease prevalence trends 10,506,000 2010 National and Private Services General practitioners do not receive special training. No major differences are present in service provision between urban and rural areas. Increasing prevalence of specific IgE against aeroallergens in an adult Danish population-two cross-sectional studies in 1990 and 1998. Most specialists in allergology are located in the three main cities, with only a couple in rural areas. Data source: Danish Medical Association Denmark previously had a very good education and training in allergology and there are still a group of well educated allergologists, and good scientific work in allergology. Many of the present specialists have only 3 - 5 years left before retirement, and only very few have ten or more years left before retirement. The national competence and knowledge of allergy will be fading out in 5 - 1o years. We already see a growing market for private doctors of various specialties, but without training in allergie diseases, who are testing allergy patients (paid per test) without the ability to interpret the results of the tests. We are also seeing a growing market for non-scientific based "alternative medicine". This will be followed by implementing a PhD degree in pediatric allergy/immunology. The Egyptian Medical Syndicate provides two lists of local allergists and immunologists; one concerning pediatrics and one for adults. Adult Allergy: Although there are no university degrees for Allergy yet, the Egyptian medical syndicate and Ministry of Health recognized it in 1994 as a separate specialty. In addition the specialist should provide proof of training at an Allergy center, and be a member of the Egyptian Society of Allergy and Immunology. Estimated figure: 350 pediatricians practicing allergy/clinical immunology 50-100 physicians practicing adult allergy/clinical immunology Allergy is included among the curricula of undergraduate and postgraduate medical teaching in all Egyptian universities. The allergy/clinical immunology service provision is less efficient in rural areas. The university hospitals are the main referral centers for patients with allergy/immunology diseases. The number of certified allergists/immunologists should be increased to match the needs of our population. The implementation of university degrees in the specialty will enable young Egyptian physicians to become certified in allergy/immunology. There are financial limitations to performing field studies and surveys on the prevalence and burden of allergy/immunology disorders. Local conferences, workshops, and scientific meetings are the main source of continuing medical education in allergy/immunology and the contribution of international speakers helps us to improve the state of knowledge of the Egyptian practitioners who are unable to attend international meetings abroad. There is a great need to convince authorities about the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of allergic diseases. We need to conduct national studies to detect major triggers and areas with a high incidence of allergic diseases. Trends in prevalence of asthma and allergy in Finnish young men: a nationwide study from 1966 to 2003. Major allergen triggers that are implicated in the development or exacerbation of allergic disease Birch pollen Timothy grass pollen Dog Cat Reference: A disparity in the association of asthma, rhinitis, and eczema with allergen-specific IgE between Finnish and Russian Karelia. Loss of productivity not included (data from years 2004 and 2005) Million Euros (%) Direct costs Hospital days 11 (2. Reference: Scientific rationale for the Finnish Allergy Programme 2008-2018: emphasis on prevention and endorsing tolerance. Data source: Member of the board of the Finnish Society of Allergology and Immunology the national 10-year Finnish Allergy Programme aims to reduce the burden of allergies. The main goals are to: (i) prevent the development of allergic symptoms; (ii) increase tolerance against allergens; (iii) improve the diagnosis of allergies; (iv) decrease work-related allergies; (v) allocate resources to manage and prevent exacerbations of severe allergies and (vi) decrease costs caused by allergic diseases. The allocation of resources to manage severe allergies (both diagnosis and treatment) and to manage education at both the professional and population level is a challenge. Haahtela T, von Hertzen L, Mдkelд M, Hannuksela M; Allergy Programme Working Group. Estimated figure: 3,500 There is no formal General Practitioner training in allergy diagnosis and treatment; however, there are a few General Practitioners with an interest in allergy.
Monica Gulisano Genetic testing is available for nearly 300 specific targeted mutations associated with various disorders [1]. Such testing is marketed directly to consumers, who can purchase it without any involvement on the part of their health care provider. Over the past decade, great advances have been made in discovering the genetic basis of monogenic diseases such as Tay-Sachs disease and cystic fibrosis, but finding meaningful associations between genetic variants and polygenic diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease is more difficult and will require more time. Although there seems to be strong public interest in testing for susceptibility to psychiatric disorders, little is known about the impact on individuals of receiving the results of such genetic tests [11]. Further contributing to the potential for confusion among consumers are claims made by companies on their Web sites and in their marketing materials. One of the presumed benefits of genetic testing is its potential to motivate lifestyle changes, although the ability of such testing to encourage healthy behavior is disputable [2]. Current research suggests that consumers believe that they will change their health behavior once they know their genetic test results. However, studies of actual changes in behavior after people receive the results of genetic testing have come to mixed conclusions. In a randomized trial of the use of personalized genetic risk counseling to motivate diabetes prevention [5], subjects were randomly assigned to receive genetic testing or no genetic testing. Those who had been tested were then ranked from highest to lowest risk, and those in the top and bottom quartiles were enrolled in a diabetes prevention program along with untested control subjects. Few significant differences were found in motivation, program attendance, and weight loss when the lowest-risk and highest-risk groups were separately compared with the control group [5]. This prompted her physician to obtain standard clinical testing, leading to a diagnosis of celiac disease in both the patient and her daughter. Such claims conflate marginally elevated risk assessment with diagnostic testing, the former being no substitute for appropriate clinical assessment and diagnostic evaluation. Critics have worried that the confusion created by complicated risk profiles in the absence of proper genetic counseling may provoke unnecessary fear and worry in consumers. This may be because consumers who purchase such tests tend to have high educational levels and knowledge of genetics [2]. Some companies claim to offer a genetically tailored diet plan and nutritional supplement recommendations that will protect against the diseases to which an individual is genetically predisposed and/or that will compensate for loss of function caused by a genetic variant. A study by the Government Accountability Office [8] failed to find support for these claims; instead, this study found that the advice offered usually consists of only standard sensible dietary suggestions and lifestyle recommendations. The research community insists that current work in nutrigenomics is merely the tip of the iceberg and that it is still premature to determine the validity and utility of such testing. For example, to decrease blood pressure and the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and certain cancers, patients should be encouraged to follow current evidence-based guidelines with regard to everyday eating and to consume a balanced diet-one containing a colorful and plentiful variety of vegetables and fruits; moderate amounts of lean animal and/or plant proteins, healthy fats, and whole grains; and appropriate calcium sources. Patients should also be encouraged to avoid consuming too many calories and to cultivate an emotionally healthy approach to eating. At the present time, personalized advice on how to accomplish these goals will be more helpful to patients than personalized genomic test results. State of play in direct-to-consumer genetic testing for lifestyle-related diseases: market, marketing content, user experiences and regulation. The current landscape for directto-consumer genetic testing: legal, ethical, and policy issues. Neither as harmful as feared by critics nor as empowering as promised by providers: risk information offered direct to consumer by personal genomics companies [published online ahead of print, April 5, 2012]. Personalized genetic risk counseling to motivate diabetes prevention: a randomized trial. Reports of these test results are "locked," and there is genetic counseling information provided on the Web site, but all it takes to unlock these results is the click of a button. Furthermore, most of these individuals sought medical advice that resulted in confirmatory testing, risk-reducing procedures, screening of at least 30 relatives, and identification of 13 additional mutation carriers. Those who work in primary care know that changes in patient behavior require more than just information, such as knowledge of cardiovascular disease risk factors or statistics regarding the impact of cigarette smoking on common health conditions. Although the notion of using genomic data to encourage preventive health strategies is appealing, early studies suggested that only a minority of consumers act on this information [16-20]. At the present time, these results can generally be regarded as being largely of entertainment value.
German Sarsaparilla. Procyclidine.
Source: http://www.rxlist.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=96467
The coupled oxidation and reduction reactions during transfer of electrons is shown briefly in Figure 11. Coupled oxidation-reduction reactions involving transfer of electrons or hydrogen atoms from one compound to another compound also occurs in various metabolisms. Specific enzymes, coenzymes are involved in the electron transfer reactions in living systems. Several important biological oxidation reactions are directly associated with respiratory O2. Apart form respiratory chain, several enzymes use O2 as final electron acceptor and produce H 2 0 2. Several new compounds are synthesized by directly incorporating O 2 into certain substances. Respiratory O 2 is also required for the removal of toxins and drugs from the body. Biological oxidation provides means for the regeneration of coenzymes, which are used in metabolism. Transfer of electrons is impaired in certain disease like encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and mitochondrial myopathy. As a result of this, energy production in cardiac cells is blocked, which lead to necrosis. In some instances like high altitudes, surgeries to maintain normal functioning of body or cells O2 supply is essential. Though O2 is essential for survival of cells at high concentration it is toxic to cells. Many enzymes, coenzymes and several carrier molecules are involved in oxidation-reduction (electron transfer) reactions of biological system. They are dehydrogenases, oxidases, oxygenases, hydroperoxidases, cytochromes, ubiquinone and iron-sulfur proteins. Dehydrogenases the dehydrogenases are divided into two groups based on the coenzyme (prosthetic group) they require for activity. Nicotinamide-dependent dehydrogenases They catalyze the transfer of hydrogen (electrons) from one substrate to another substrate in a coupled oxidation-reduction reaction. The coenzymes are reduced by a substrate of dehydrogenase and reoxidized by an hydrogen acceptor catalyzed by another dehydrogenase. Since these enzymes can not use oxygen as hydrogen acceptor they may be called as anaerobic dehydrogenases. From the pair of hydrogens, an hydride ion (H-) having two electrons is attached to nicotinamide and remaining hydrogen is released as free proton (H+). Likewise reduction of substrates by these enzymes involves transfer of hydrogens from nicotinamide. Riboflavin-dependent dehydrogenases They catalyze the removal of hydrogen from substrates. Since oxygen is not (electron) hydrogen acceptor these are referred as riboflavin dependent anaerobic dehydrogenases (Figure 11. Hence, these can be referred as a riboflavin dependent aerobic dehydrogenases (Figure 11. Oxidation of a substrate involves reduction of isoalloxazine ring via semiquinone. Cytochrome a 3 (4Fe2+) + O2 + 4H+ Cytocrome a3 (4Fe3+) + 2H2O Out of the two subunits only cytochrome a3 can directly react with oxygen. Cytochrome oxidase catalyzes the transfer of electrons from cytochrome c to molecular oxygen. Oxygenases They catalyze incorporation of oxygen directly into substrate molecules. Tryptophan dioxygenase (b) Mono oxygenases They catalyze incorporation of one atom of oxygen into substrate. These enzymes are loosely referred as hydroxylases and (or) mixed function oxidases. Cytochrome P450 hydroxylases Hydroperoxidases these enzymes catalyze breakdown of H2O2 which is produced in the body during reduction of oxygen to water. Cytochrome b and c1 are integral membrane proteins and they are constituents of cytochrome reductase complex.
Dihydroxy aceton phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-P may be degraded via glycolysis or may be condensed to form glucose by aldolase. The reason being high concentration of Fructose 1 phosphate and fructose 1, 6 bis phosphate inhibit Liver phosphorylase by allosteric modulation. As in case of Galactose, fructose intolerance can also lead to cataract formation. It is an inherited disorder that the defect may be in the galactokinase, uridlyl transferase or 4-epimerase. The product accumulates in lense and leads to accumulation of water by osmotic pull. Glycogen metabolism Introduction Glycogen is the major storage form of carbohydrate in animals. It is mainly stored in liver and muscles and is mobilized as glucose whenever body tissues require. Shortening of chains Golycogen phosphorylase cleaves the -1, 4 glycosidic bonds between the glucose residues at the non reducing ends of the glycogen by simple phosphorolysis. The resulting structure is called a limit dextrin and phosphorylase cannot degrade it any further. Conversion of glucose 6 phosphate to glucose occurs in the Liver, Kidney and intestines by the action of Glucose 6 phosphatase. Removal of Branches A debranching enzyme also called Glucantransferase which contains two activities, Glucantransferase and Glucosidase. The transfer activity removes the terminal 3 glucose residues of one branch and attaches them to a free C4 end of the second branch. The glucose in -(1,6) linkage at the branch is removed by the action of Glucosidase as free glucose. Lysosomal Degradation of Glycogen A small amount of glycogen is continuously degraded by the lysosomal enzyme -(1, 4) glycosidase (acid maltase). The -1,6 branches in glucose are produced by amylo-(1,4-1,6) transglycosylase,also termed as branching enzyme. This enzyme transfers a terminal fragment of 6 to 7 glucose residues(from a polymer of atleast 11 glucose residues long) to an internal glucose residue at the C-6 hydroxyl position. Glycogenesis Glycogen storage diseases these are a group of genetic diseases that result from a defect in an enzyme required for either glycogen synthesis or degradation. They result in either formation of glycogen that has an abnormal structure or the accumulation of excessive amounts of normal glycogen in specific tissues, A particular enzyme may be defective in a single tissue such as the liver or the defect may be more generalized, affecting muscle, kidney, intestine and myocardium. The severity of the diseases may range from fatal in infancy to mild disorders that are not life threatening some of the more prevalent glycogen storage diseases are the following. To provide the cell with ribose-5-phosphate (R5P) for the synthesis of the nucleotides and nucleic acids. The 3 carbon sugar generated is glyceraldehyde-3-phsphate which can be shunted to glycolysis and oxidized to pyruvate. Alternatively, it can be utilized by the gluconeogenic enzymes to generate more 6 carbon sugars (fructose-6-phosphate or glucose-6-phosphate). Although this bond plays a very important role in protein structure and function, inappropriately introduced disulfides can be detrimental. Oxidative stress also generates peroxides that in turn can be reduced by glutathione to generate water and an alcohol. Regeneration of reduced glutathione is carried out by the enzyme, glutathione reductase. Several deficiencies in the level of activity (not function) of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase have been observed to be associated with resistance to the malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, among individuals of Mediterranean and African descent. The basis for this resistance is the weakening of the red cell membrane (the erythrocyte is the host cell for the parasite) such that it cannot sustain the parasitic life cycle long enough for productive growth. Coris Cycle or Lactic Acid Cycle In an actively contracting muscle, only about 8% of the pyruvate is utilized by the citric acid cycle and the remaining is, therefore, reduced to lactate. The lactic acid thus generated should not be allowed to accumulate in the muscle tissues. The muscle cramps, often associated with strenuous muscular exercise are thought to be due to lactate accumulation. It is then taken up through gluconeogenesis pathway and becomes glucose, which can enter into blood and then taken to muscle.
Fibrinogen: Instead of serum, if plasma is used for electrophoresis, the fibrinogen will form a prominent band in the gamma region, which may be confused with the M-band. Nephrotic syndrome: All proteins except very big molecules are lost through urine, and so alpha-2 fraction (containing macroglobulin) will be very prominent. Cirrhosis of liver: Albumin synthesis by liver is decreased, with a compensatory excess synthesis of globulins by reticulo-endothelial system. So albumin band will be thin, with a wide beta fraction; sometimes beta and gamma fractions are fused. The name is derived from the white precipitate formed when egg is boiled (Latin, albus = white). It is synthesized by hepatocytes; therefore estimation of albumin is a liver function test (Chapter 26). Albumin is synthesized as a precursor, and the signal peptide is removed as it passes through endoplasmic reticulum. Liver produces about 12 g of albumin per day, representing about 25% of total hepatic protein synthesis. The half-life is studied by labeling the pure protein with radioactive chromium (51Cr). A known quantity of the labeled protein is injected into a normal person, and blood samples are taken at different time intervals. Half-life of a protein in circulation may be drastically reduced when proteins. Edema is seen in conditions where albumin level in blood is less than 2g/dl (see hypoalbuminemia, below). Transport Function Albumin is the carrier of various hydrophobic substances in the blood. Because of its high concentration in blood, albumin has maximum buffering capacity (Chapter 29). Albumin has a total of 16 histidine residues which contribute to this buffering action. So albumin may be considered as the transport form of essential amino acids from liver to extrahepatic cells. Human albumin is clinically useful in treatment of liver diseases, hemorrhage, shock and burns. Blood brain barrier Albuminfatty acid complex cannot cross blood brain barrier and hence fatty acids cannot be taken up by brain. Being lipophilic, unconjugated bilirubin can cross the blood brain barrier and get deposited in brain. The brains of young children are susceptible; free bilirubin deposited in brain leads to kernicterus and mental retardation (Chapter 21). Drug interactions When two drugs having high affinity to albumin are administered together, there may be competition for the available sites, with consequent displacement of one drug. But this is produced mainly by salts, which can pass easily from intravascular to extravascular space. Therefore, the osmotic pressure exerted by electrolytes inside and outside the vascular compartments will cancel each other. Thus the number of water molecules escaping out at arterial side will be exactly equal to those returned at the venous side and therefore blood volume remains the same. Then return of water into blood vessels is diminished, leading to accumulation of water in tissues. Thus, even though total calcium level in blood is lowered, ionized calcium level may be normal, and so tetany may not occur (Chapter 35). Therapeutic use Human albumin is therapeutically useful to treat burns, hemorrhage and shock. Cirrhosis of liver (mainly ascites), where albumin synthesis is less and it escapes into ascitic fluid. Chronic congestive cardiac failure: Venous congestion will cause increased hydrostatic pressure and decreased return of water into capillaries and so pitting edema of feet may result. Malnutrition: Availability of amino acids is reduced and albumin synthesis is affected.
These issues arc more appropriately dealt with in guidance, a more flexible vehicle better equipped for adapting to new scientific understanding and in this way supporting use of best available science. It then concludes by citing the working paper of the Mercatus Ccnter 464 that baldly asserts that improvements in reproducibility "can be thought of as increasing the net benefits of regulation b(~cause they would avoid situations in which costs or benefits are wrongly estimated to occur or in which regulatory costs are imposed without corresponding benefits. Indeed, the Proposal nowhere discllsses its significant costs in either quantitative or qualitative terms, costs that have actually been examined by independent organizations, and that are susceptible to analysis. If the Proposal is truly 'designed to provide a mechanism to increase access to" data "in a manner consistent with statutory requirements for protection of privacy and confidentiality of research participants," 83 Fed. It is inherently irrational for an agency to take an action without any consideration of any costs, disadvantages or negative effects of that action. The qualitative costs of this Proposal include the costs to researchers of actions they must undertake to protect the confidentiality of patient and subject data, as well as to compile and make public their raw data. Additional costs could also be incurred through conducting any additional peer reviews required by proposed section 30. Estimatinf(the Hea/th-Risk-lieduction Benefits of Proposed Air Pollution Regulations. As Deputy Assistant Administrator Nancy Beck noted, during the development of the Proposal, requiring "a huge amount of data to be submitted to the agency" would "be incredibly burdensome" and "not practical. This confidentiality risk has a further cost: it affects the quality of the data collected. It is essential that respondents believe they can provide accurate, complete information without any fear that the information will be disclosed inappropriately. Indeed, if the information was disclosed, harm might come to an individual respondent. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Standards and Technology, U. That approach to implementing the legislation would significantly reduce the number of studies that the agency relies on when issuing or proposing coven:d actions. Without access to the restricted data, regulatory programs could become more or less stringent than they otherwise would be, with consequences for both regulatory costs and benefits. Nor does the agency analyze how likely its Proposal is to actually facilitate expanded data sharing. Moreover, there is no reason to think that excluding relevant science merely because the underlying data is not publicly available would increase the net benefits of a regulation. Furthermore, by failing to consider costs and benefits, the Proposal contravenes Executive Order 12866. Executive Order 12866 requires agencies to assess the costs and benefits of proposed regulations and propose or adopt a regulation only upon a reasoned determination that the benefits justify the costs. Guide/;nesfor Ensuring and Afaximi:ing the Quality, Objectivity, Utility, and integrity of information Dissemina! The statute defines "collection of information" to include "the obtaining [or] causing to be obtained. Nor does it matter whether the agency directly mandates that entities provide the information, or provides that entities must "voluntary[ily]" provide the information in order for research to be eligible lor consideration in important rulemakings. The proposal expressly "is intended to apply prospectively," suggesting that it "prospectively" requires burdensome collections of information in future rulemakings. The Circumstances Surrounding the Proposed Rule Indicate that it Was Based on a Desire to Suppress Vital Public Health Science for the Benefit of Certain Regulated Industries. The bill was vigorously supported by Congress members with strong ties to the precise industries that would have benefited from its enactment. As with past versions of the bill, the Senate referred the Bill to the Committee on Envinmment and Public Works. Representative Lamar Smith is widely known as an opponent of mainstream climate science and public health and environmental safeguards. But the truth is there arc more questions about climate change than there are answers.
Page 137 114380 139970 155510 112890 107390 119420 121230 104750 154880 132370 108280 118300 111400 155440 112330 104840 September 2010 Appendix 3: Master Bibliography American Urological Association, Inc. Current indications for transurethral resection of the prostate and associated complications. Relationship between serum testosterone and measures of benign prostatic hyperplasia in aging men. Are lower urinary tract symptoms associated with erectile dysfunction in aging males of Taiwan. Relationships between American Urological Association symptom index, prostate volume, and disease-specific quality of life question in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Acute urinary retention in the elderly: an unusual presentation of appendicitis with a high perforation risk. Transurethral RollerLoop vapor resection of prostate for treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia: a 2-year follow-up study. Contralateral reflux after unilateral ureteral reimplantation-preexistent rather than new-onset reflux. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography studies in diagnosis and staging of clinically organ-confined prostate cancer. Prostatic abscess in southern Taiwan: another invasive infection caused predominantly by Klebsiella pneumoniae. Ornithine decarboxylase activity and its gene expression are increased in benign hyperplastic prostate. Changes in gene expression in human renal proximal tubule cells exposed to low concentrations of S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-l-cysteine, a metabolite of trichloroethylene. Prostate cancer is characterized by epigenetic silencing of 14-33sigma expression. Prostate specific antigen velocity in men with total prostate specific antigen less than 4 ng/ml. Invasive urodynamic studies are well tolerated by the patients and associated with a low risk of urinary tract infection. Monotherapy versus combination drug therapy for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic obstruction-Triumph: the role of general practice databases. A demographic profile of patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate for benign prostate hyperplasia and presenting in acute urinary retention. An endourologic approach to complete ureteropelvic junction and ureteral strictures. Efficacy and safety of a combination of Sabal and Urtica extract in lower urinary tract symptoms-long-term follow-up of a placebocontrolled, double-blind, multicenter trial. Long-term efficacy and safety of a combination of sabal and urtica extract for lower urinary tract symptoms-a placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial. Effects of pravastatin treatment on blood pressure regulation after renal transplantation. Urethral stricture associated with malacoplakia: a case report and review of the literature. Role of the newer alpha, -adrenergic-receptor antagonists in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia-related lower urinary tract symptoms. Treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia: sexual function. Effects of terazosin therapy on blood pressure in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia concurrently treated with other antihypertensive medications. Laparoscopic reconstructive options for obstruction in children with duplex renal anomalies. Early detection of prostate cancer in Germany: a study using digital rectal examination and 4. Function of hollow viscera in children with constipation and voiding difficulties. Tamsulosin in the management of patients in acute urinary retention from benign prostatic hyperplasia. Systemic aspergillosis with predominant genitourinary manifestations in an immunocompetent man: what we can learn from a disastrous follow-up. History of 7,093 patients with lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign prostatic hyperplasia treated with alfuzosin in general practice up to 3 years.
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