Ophthalmoscope -The ophthalmoscope has magnifying and illumination potentials -It can magnify 15 times at its 0 diopter lens virtually through the effect of cornea and lens. Using the ophthalmoscope in examination of the front of the eye: 1-Hold the ophthalmoscope as in retinal exam 2-Diopter however should be adjusted at 15+ to 20+. Causes of Dilated Pupils 1-Mydriatic 2-Parasympathetic palsy 3-Glaucoma 4-Trauma Causes of Constricted Pupils 1-Miotic 2-Sympathetic nerve palsy 3-Iritis Terminologies · Direct light reactivity-the normal pupils react to light by constriction. Consensual light reactivity the normal pupils constrict in reaction to light shone on the other eye. Afferent defect-fibers from retina through optic nerve rare damaged so that there is no sensory input. Efferent defect-the motor fibers in the oculomotor are damaged so that there is no motor output to the constriction muscles. Clinical findings in efferent defect (oculomotor palsy) -Size of the pupils is Unequal, with affected side dilated. To straighten the ear canal, grasp the auricle firmly but gently and pull it upward, backward, and slightly away from the head. Movement of the auricle and tragus is painful in acute otitis external (inflammation of the ear canal) but not in otitis media inflammation of the middle ear). Otoscopy Holding the otoscope handle between your thumb and fingers, brace your hand against he patients face. Your hand and instrument thus follow unexpected movements by the patient Insert the speculum gently in to the ear canal, directing it somewhat down and forward and through the hairs, if any. Inspect the ear canal, noting any discharge, foreign bodies, redness of the skin, or welling. The cone of light-usually easy to see,helps to orient you Identify the handle of the malleus, noting its position, and inspect the short process of the malleus. Gently move the speculum so that you can see as much of the drum as possible, including the pars flaccida superiorly and the margins of the pars tensa. Gentle pressure on the tip of the nose with our thumb usually widens the nostrils and, with the aid of a penlight or otoscope light, you can get a partial view of each nasal vestibule Tenderness of the nasal, tip or alae suggests local infection such as a furuncle. Test for nasal obstruction if indicated by pressing on each ala nasi in turn and asking the patient to breathe in. Polyps are pale, semi translucent masses that usually come from the middle meatus. Press up on the frontal sinuses from under the bony brows, avoiding pressure on the eyes. Local tenderness, together with symptoms such as pain, fever and nasal discharge, suggests acute sinusitis involving the frontal or maxillary sinuses. Inspect the color and architecture of the hard palate, which makes the roof of the palate To examine tongue ask the patient to put out his or her tongue. Note the color and texture of the dorsum of the tongues Inspect the sides and undersurface of the tongue and the floor of the mouth. Inspect the side of the tongue, and then palpate it with your gloved left hand, feeling for any induration (hardness). Reverse the procedure for the other side Cancer of the tongue is the second most common cancer of the mouth, second only to cancer of the lip. Cancer occurs most often on the side of the tongue, next most often at its base 133 Physical Diagnosis Pharynx - Made by the anterior and posterior pillars, tonsils and uvula and pharynx. Any interviewer needs to establish the following important attitudes for a successful interview: 1- Active observation and awareness of behavior. A detailed examination is very important but tiresome for critically ill patients and over long examination may defect its own ends especially when sensation is tested. Objectives At the end of this chapter the student should be able to:1- Describe important structures of nervous system 2-Describe important functions of nervous system 3-Do complete neuralgic examination 4- Interpret abnormal neurological findings 5. The peripheral nervous system consists of the cranial nerves, the spinal nerves and all other nerves extending from these. Supratentorial structures- these are parts of the brain above the tentorium Cortex:-consists of the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes Simplified functions of the cortical lobes: 1. The temporal lobe has some input in emotion and behaviour Subcortex contain the basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, internal and other connections of the cortex.
They can do this by political struggle within the states where the monopolistic producers are located, appealing to doctrines of a free market and offering support to political leaders inclined to end a particular monopolistic advantage. Or they do this by persuading other states to defy the world market monopoly by using their state power to sustain competitive producers. Therefore, over time, every quasi-monopoly is undone by the entry of further producers into the market. But they last long enough (say thirty years) to ensure considerable accumulation of capital by those who control the quasi-monopolies. When a quasi-monopoly does cease to exist, the large accumulators of capital simply move their capital to new leading products or whole new leading industries. Leading products have moderately short lives, but they are constantly succeeded by other leading industries. As for the once-leading industries past their prime, they become more and more "competitive," that is, less and less profitable. Firms are normally the competitors of other firms operating in the same virtual market. They are also in conflict with those firms from whom they purchase inputs and those firms to which they sell their products. One must remember that bankruptcy, or absorption by a more powerful firm, is the daily bread of capitalist enterprises. So, the repeated "failures" of firms not only weed out the weak competitors but are a condition sine qua non of the endless accumulation of capital. To be sure, there is a downside to the growth of firms, either horizontally (in the same product), vertically (in the different steps in the chain of production), or what might be thought of as orthogonally (into other products not closely related). But size adds costs of administration and coordination, and multiplies the risks of managerial inefficiencies. As a result of this contradiction, there has been a repeated zigzag process of firms Copyright © 2014. Rather, worldwide there has been a secular increase in the size of firms, the whole historical process taking the form of a ratchet, two steps up then one step back, continuously. Large size gives firms more political clout but also makes them more vulnerable to political assault by their competitors, their employees, and their consumers. But here too the bottom line is an upward ratchet, toward more political influence over time. The axial division of labor of a capitalist world-economy divides production into core-like products and peripheral products. What we mean by core-periphery is the degree of profitability of the production processes. Since profitability is directly related to the degree of monopolization, what we essentially mean by core-like production processes is those that are controlled by quasi-monopolies. When exchange occurs, competitive products are in a weak position and quasimonopolized products are in a strong position. As a result, there is a constant flow of surplus-value from the producers of peripheral products to the producers of core-like products. To be sure, unequal exchange is not the only way of moving accumulated capital from politically weak regions to politically strong regions. There is also plunder, often used extensively during the early days of incorporating new regions into the worldeconomy (consider, for example, the conquistadores and gold in the Americas). Still, since the consequences are middle-term and the advantages short-term, there still exists much plunder in the modern world-system, although we are often "scandalized" when we learn of it. When Enron goes bankrupt, after procedures that have moved enormous sums into the hands of a few managers, that is in fact plunder. When "privatizations" of erstwhile state property lead to its being garnered by mafia-like businessmen who quickly leave the country with destroyed enterprises in their wake, that is plunder. Since quasi-monopolies depend on the patronage of strong states, they are largely located juridically, physically, and in terms of ownership within such states. There is therefore a geographical consequence of the core-peripheral relationship. Core-like processes tend to group themselves in a few states and to constitute the bulk of the production activity in such states.
The client with pneumonia needs more than 2 L oxygen via nasal cannula, which would be appropriate for a client diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The nurse needs to obtain a sputum culture prior to administering antibiotic because the culture and sensitivity will be skewed if the client receives antibiotics. The position assumed by clients with orthopnea is one in which they are sitting propped up in bed by several pillows. The client is in distress; therefore, the nurse should not assess but instead do something to help the client. The nurse should implement an intervention first since the client is in distress, then notify the respiratory therapist. The client with active tuberculosis is usually administered rifampin, which causes urine and bodily fluids to turn orange. The client who is post-op would be expected to have pain, so this client would not need immediate intervention. The client who has signs/symptoms not expected for the disease process/condition would require immediate intervention. The client with a pneumothorax should not have blood in the collection chamber; the client with a hemothorax would be expected to have bloody drainage. A client with bacterial pneumonia would be expected to have elevated temperature and chills; therefore, this client does not require immediate intervention. Carafate coats the stomach and must be administered on an empty stomach; therefore, the nurse would not question administering this medication. The client on an aminoglycoside antibiotic with an elevated trough level should not receive the medication. The elevation could lead to ototoxicity or nephrotoxicity; therefore, the nurse should question administering this medication. The client needs oxygen to help perfuse the lungs, heart, and body; therefore, this is the first intervention Ms. Assessing the client is indicated, but it is not the first intervention in this situation. Remember: If the client is in distress, do not assess; take an action to help the client. The system must be patent and intact to function properly but it should be assessed more often than every shift. The client can have bathroom privileges, and ambulation facilitates lung ventilation and expansion. Looping the tubing prevents direct pressure on the chest tube itself and keeps tubing off the floor, addressing both a safety and an infection control issue. The collection chamber of the Pleuravac should be marked at the end of every shift and is part of the total output for the client. Change the abdominal surgical dressing for a client who has ambulated in the hall. Assess the male client who called the desk to say he is nauseated and just vomited. Place a call to the extended care facility to give the report on a discharged client. The nurse is preparing a client diagnosed with peptic ulcer disease for a barium study of the stomach and esophagus. Explain to the client that he or she will have to drink a white, chalky substance. The nurse is concerned about the documentation form for blood administration, and other staff members agree the documentation is cumbersome and needs to be revised. In addition to the radiology department, which department of the hospital should be notified of the procedure? The client with proctitis who has tenesmus and passage of mucus through the rectum. The nurse is preparing to administer morning medications to clients on a medical unit. Donepezil (Aricept), an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, to a client with dementia. Sucralfate (Carafate), a mucosal barrier agent, to a client diagnosed with ulcer disease. Enoxaparin (Lovenox), an anticoagulant, to a client on bed rest after abdominal surgery.
Exposure to specular reflections can be as equally dangerous as intrabeam viewing and reflections from Class 4 lasers may cause a fire (at 0. Diffuse Reflections A non-uniform reflection from a rough surface whose roughness is g. Diffuse reflections scatter the beam and do not carry the full power of an intrabeam. Diffuse beams have a maximum upward vertical irradiant component perpendicular to the source impact. Note: In tuning a laser from one wavelength to another, one may be moving from diffuse to specular reflections or vice versa. Non-Beam Hazards In addition to the beam hazards of a laser, other hazards may be associated with laser operations. Safety considerations that may go into the assessment and evaluation of laser hazards include electrical skin exposure, chemical and associated gas hazards. Some other special considerations include whether the laser is enclosed in an engineered system of protection, the beam is invisible, maintenance, repair, and if modifications will be necessary on a routine basis or whether there is a potential for explosion, fire, or hazardous fumes. Electrical Electrical dangers pose the most significant risk among the non-beam hazards. To reduce electrical hazards, high voltage sources and terminals must be enclosed unless the work area is restricted to qualified persons only. Whenever feasible, power must be turned off and all high-voltage points grounded before working on power supplies. Capacitors must be equipped with bleeder resistors, discharge devices, or automatic shorting devices. Other general guidelines to follow include: » Never wear jewelry when operating a laser. High pressure arc or filament lamps used to excite the lasing medium must be enclosed in housings that can withstand an explosion if the lamp disintegrates. In addition, the laser target and elements of the optical train may shatter during laser operation and should be enclosed in a suitable protective housing. Capacitors may explode if subjected to voltages higher than their rating and must be adequately shielded. High energy capacitors should be enclosed in one eighth inch thick steel cabinets. Flammables Flammable solvents, gases, and combustible materials may be ignited by a Class 4 laser beam. Combustible solvents or materials should be stored in proper containers and shielded from the laser beam or electrical sparks. Lasers and laser facilities should be constructed and operated to eliminate or reduce any fire hazard. Unnecessary combustible materials should be removed in order to minimize fire hazards. Compressed Gases Many hazardous gases are used in lasers including chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen fluoride. Noise Noise levels in laser laboratories can exceed safe limits because of high voltage capacitor discharges. Laser Dyes and Solutions Laser dyes are complex fluorescent organic compounds which, when in solution with certain solvents, form a lasing medium for dye lasers. These dyes are frequently changed and special care must be taken when handling, preparing solutions, and operating dye lasers. Engineering Controls Engineering controls are the priority means of minimizing the possibility of accidental exposures to laser hazards. If engineering controls are impractical or inadequate, then safety should be supported through the use of administrative procedures and personnel protective equipment. Engineering controls that may prove useful and effective in improving the safety of a laser or laser system are provided in the following list: 1.
Most arsenic-based products are discontinued, therefore, biosphere poisoning is often the result of discarded containers or industrial pollution. The principal sources of arsenic in ambient air are the burning of fossil fuels (especially coal), smelting, and waste incineration. Arsenic is introduced into water through the erosion and weathering of soil, minerals, and ores, from industrial effluents, and via atmospheric deposition (Hindmarsh and McCurdy, 1986; Hutton and Symon, 1986). The potential sources of arsenic for farm animals are food, drinking water, soil, and air. According to the estimates of Environment Canada and Health Canada, in a typical situation, the significance of exposure source, in terms of contributing to arsenic intake, can be ranked in the following order of importance: food, drinking water, soil, and air. It should be noted that the reasoning for this guideline for arsenic is largely based on an outdated research using beagle dog (Byron et al. The value of 25 µg/L was established by applying a safety factor of 10, and to account for arsenic contribution from diet, an apportionment factor of 0. While assessing the risk associated with arsenic in drinking water for farm animals, total intake of arsenic from dietary sources should be taken into consideration (Table 9. The concerns related to arsenic are the carcinogenic properties to humans, at low level exposure. The carcinogenic properties are generally not a major issue for livestock used for meat, as their lifespan is short. However, bioaccumulation of arsenic in livestock used for meat may be a concern from the perspective of meat quality. The bioaccumulation occurs mainly in the internal organs of animals consuming a diet high in arsenic According to the most recent Health Canada guidelines, the concentration for arsenic in drinking water for humans is set at10 µg/L, which is more in line with the World Health Organization recommendation. The Health Canada guidelines are set for human consumption, where the overall risk associated with the ingestion of arsenic in drinking water is calculated based on lifetime exposure to arsenic, which results in more than one cancer endpoint in different individuals. In comparison to the livestock guideline, the Health Canada guideline for humans provides a substantial factor of safety. Such 45 Arsenic safety assessment is not likely to be practical or applicable to farm animals under common farm practices. Guideline for Water Water As content (µg/L) Estimated Water Contribution to Total Dietary Arsenic Intake (mg/day) Guidelines for Dietary Arsenic Estimated Contribution of Arsenic Allowed From Normal Feed (mg/day) Estimated Dietary Arsenic Levels Generally Regarded as Safe and Dietary Levels Consideration for Risk of Adverse or Toxic Effect (mg/day) Acceptable Levels (generally regarded <61. Arsenic in some forms has a high inherent potential to cause toxicity, but because it is present in water at very low levels, the risk of adverse health effects in farm animals is generally very low. If one excludes accidental poisoning and industrial pollution, the risk of health hazard to livestock associated with arsenic in drinking water per se can be considered as extremely low. Although the bulk of arsenic burden in livestock comes from feed, water contribution should not be ignored, and the exposure assessment should include total intake from both water and feed sources. In particular, in areas near a natural geological source or a source of anthropogenic contamination, drinking water has been calculated to be the most important contributor to overall exposure. Acute toxicity signs may include abdominal pain, depression, salivation, or diarrhoea. Long term, low level exposure may cause chronic toxicity, with characteristic signs including skin pigmentation and development of keratoses, peripheral neuropathy, skin cancer, peripheral vascular disease, hypertensive heart disease, and cancers of internal organs. The clinical manifestation of arsenic poisoning depends on the specific characteristics of arsenic exposure such as form, pattern, and source (for more details see Puls, 1994). Production Effects: the risk of a direct effect of arsenic in water on production parameters in practical situations is low, if any. However, because arsenic interacts with selenium at a very specific molecular level which may lead to depletion of selenium, some subtle signs associated with arsenic overload may be essentially the same as those associated with selenium deficiency (more detail will be provided in ensuing section on metabolic interactions). Of note, although the risk of a direct effect of arsenic in water on health or production parameters in practical situations is negligible, the issue of arsenic intake may be relevant to contamination of animal products. Because arsenic is classified in Group I (carcinogenic to humans), the importance of arsenic as a water quality parameter may be an issue for meat quality, due to the potential for accumulation in some edible tissues. Notably, arsenic is the most likely metal to be detected in meat, followed by cadmium and lead, in that order. There is insufficient recent scientific data on the issues of heavy metal in Canadian animal products, but studies from other countries have shown that farm animals can accumulate toxic metals at levels that may be of concern for the consumer (Lopez et al.
Antimigraine medicines migraine attacks occur more than once or twice a month; the severity or duration of migraine attacks is disabling. Prophylaxis can reduce the severity and frequency of attacks but does not eliminate them completely; additional symptomatic treatment is still needed. However, long-term prophylaxis is undesirable and treatment should be reviewed at 6-monthly intervals. Of the many drugs that have been advocated for migraine prophylaxis, betaadrenoceptor antagonists (beta-blockers) are most frequently used. Propranolol, a non-selective beta-blocker and other related compounds with a similar profile, such as atenolol (see section 12. Contraindications: asthma or history of obstructive airway disease, uncontrolled heart failure, Prinzmetal angina, marked bradycardia, hypotension, sick sinus syndrome, second- or third-degree atrioventricular block, cardiogenic shock, metabolic acidosis, or severe peripheral arterial disease; phaeochromocytoma. Precautions: first-degree atrioventricular block; renal impairment (Appendix 4); liver disease (Appendix 5); pregnancy (Appendix 2), and breastfeeding (Appendix 3); portal hypertension; diabetes mellitus; myasthenia gravis; history of hypersensitivity [increased reaction to allergens and reduced response to epinephrine (adrenaline)]; interactions: Appendix 1. Adverse effects: bradycardia, heart failure, hypotension, conduction disorders, bronchospasm, peripheral vasoconstriction, exacerbation of intermittent claudication and Raynaud phenomenon; gastrointestinal disturbances, fatigue, sleep disturbances including nightmares; rarely rash, dry eyes (reversible), sexual dysfunction, and exacerbation of psoriasis. Specific expertise, diagnostic precision, individualization of dosage, and special equipment are required for their proper use. Immunosuppressive drugs are used in organ transplant recipients to suppress rejection; they are also used as second-line drugs in chronic inflammatory conditions. Careful monitoring of blood counts is required in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs and the dose should be adjusted to prevent bone marrow toxicity. It is useful when corticosteroid therapy alone has proven inadequate or for other conditions when a reduction in the dose of concurrently administered corticosteroids is required. It is metabolized to mercaptopurine and, as with mercaptopurine, doses need to be reduced when given with allopurinol. Ciclosporin is a potent immunosuppressant which is virtually free of myelotoxic effects, but is markedly nephrotoxic. It is particularly useful for the prevention of graft rejection and for the prophylaxis of graft-versus-host disease. The dose is adjusted according to plasma ciclosporin concentrations and renal function. Contraindications: hypersensitivity to azathioprine and mercaptopurine; breastfeeding (Appendix 3). Antineoplastic, immunosuppressives and medicines used in palliative care Precautions: monitor for toxicity throughout treatment; full blood counts necessary every week (or more frequently with higher doses and in renal or hepatic impairment) for the first 4 weeks of treatment, and at least every 3 months thereafter; reduce dose in the elderly; pregnancy (Appendix 2); renal impairment (Appendix 4); liver disease (Appendix 5); interactions: Appendix 1. Patients should be warned to report immediately any signs or symptoms of bone marrow suppression, for example, unexplained bruising or bleeding, or infection. Intravenous injection is alkaline and very irritant; the intravenous route should therefore only be used if oral administration is not possible. Adverse effects: hypersensitivity reactions including malaise, dizziness, vomiting, fever, muscular pains, arthralgia, rash, hypotension, or interstitial nephritis call for immediate withdrawal; haematological toxicity including leukopenia and thrombocytopenia (reversible upon withdrawal); liver impairment, cholestatic jaundice; hair loss; increased susceptibility to infections and colitis in patients also receiving corticosteroids; nausea; rarely pancreatitis, pneumonitis, and hepatic veno-occlusive disease. Antineoplastic, immunosuppressives and medicines used in palliative care magnesium; hyperuricaemia; measure blood lipids before and during treatment; avoid in porphyria; pregnancy (Appendix 2) and breastfeeding (Appendix 3); interactions: Appendix 1. Reduce dose by 2550% if serum creatinine more than 30% above baseline at more than one measurement; perform renal biopsies at yearly intervals; not recommended for patients who also have uncontrolled infections or malignancy. Concentrate for infusion may contain polyethoxylated castor oil, which has been associated with anaphylaxis; observe patient for 30 minutes after starting infusion and then at frequent intervals. Any conversion between brands should be undertaken very carefully, and the manufacturer consulted for further information. Antineoplastic, immunosuppressives and medicines used in palliative care transplant patients); increased incidence of malignancies and lymphoproliferative disorders; increased susceptibility to infections due to immunosuppression; gastrointestinal disturbances; gingival hyperplasia; hirsutism; fatigue; allergic reactions; thrombocytopenia (sometimes with haemolytic uraemic syndrome); also mild anaemia, tremors, convulsions, neuropathy; dysmenorrhoea or amenorrhoea; pancreatitis, myopathy or muscle weakness; cramp; gout; oedema; headache. Specific expertise, diagnostic precision, individualization of dosage and special equipment are required for their proper use. The treatment of cancer with drugs, radiotherapy, and surgery is complex and should only be undertaken by an oncologist. Where the condition can no longer be managed with cytotoxic therapy, alternative palliative treatment (section 8.
Diseases
Maternal/Child: all DoXorubiCins: Category D: avoid pregnancy; can cause fetal harm. Elderly: all DoXorubiCins: Response similar to that seen in younger adults, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out. Administration of doxorubicin before paclitaxel is recommended to prevent increased toxicity. May also decrease anti-tumor effectiveness if given before a cumulative dose of doxorubicin 300 mg/M2 is reached or other chemotherapeutic agents are included in the protocol. DoXil: In addition to all of the above, acute infusion reactions, hand-foot syndrome. Post-Marketing: Muscle spasms, myelogenous leukemia, pulmonary embolism, and skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders. Acute cardiac failure occurs suddenly (most common when total cumulative dosage approaches 550 mg/M2) and frequently does not respond to currently available treatment (digoxin, diuretics [e. Elevate the extremity, apply cold compresses, and ice for 30 minutes four times a day for 3 days. DoXil: In addition to all of the above, treatment may have to be interrupted or discontinued for severe hand-foot syndrome or acute infusion reactions. May be able to control hand-foot syndrome by allowing it to resolve and by increasing intervals between subsequent cycles. For extravasation, discontinue infusion and apply ice over site for 30 minutes to alleviate local reaction. Doxycycline is well distributed in most body tissues and is highly bound to plasma protein. Doxycycline may penetrate normal meninges, the eye, and the prostate more easily than most tetracyclines. Infections caused by susceptible strains or organisms, such as rickettsiae, spirochetal agents, and many other gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Sensitivity studies indicated to determine susceptibility of the causative organism to doxycycline. Consider in patients that present with diarrhea during or after treatment with doxycycline. Monitor: Determine absolute patency of vein and avoid extravasation; thrombophlebitis may occur. Patient Education: May cause dizziness or light-headedness; request assistance for ambulation. Major: Hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis; blurred vision and headache (benign intracranial hypertension); bulging fontanels in infants; hepatotoxicity; pancreatitis; photosensitivity, pseudomembranous colitis, systemic candidiasis; thrombophlebitis. If minor side effects are progressive or any major side effect occurs, discontinue the drug, treat hypersensitivity reactions as indicated or resuscitate as necessary. Treat antibiotic-related pseudomembranous colitis with fluid, electrolytes, protein supplements, and oral vancomycin (Vancocin) or metronidazole (Flagyl). Consider age, body weight, physical status, underlying pathological conditions, use of other drugs, type of anesthesia to be used, and surgical procedure involved; see Precautions. Prevention of perioperative nausea and vomiting: Dose should be individualized; maximum initial dose is 2. Pediatric patients: A single dose or fraction thereof over a minimum of 2 minutes. It produces mild alpha-adrenergic blockade and produces peripheral vascular dilation. To reduce the incidence of nausea and vomiting associated with surgical and diagnostic procedures. Unlabeled uses: Antiemetic in cancer chemotherapy including potent emetic agents. Monitor for palpitations, syncope, and/or other symptoms of irregular cardiac rhythm and evaluate promptly. Patient Education: Avoid activities that require alertness for 24 hours after receiving droperidol.
It shows the way to remove diseases, to keep up sound health and attain longevity. It is deeply rooted in the hearts of the children of India, the offsprings of Charaka, Sushruta, Madhava, Vagbhata, Sharangadhara and Dhanwantari. The efficacy of Ayurvedic medicines prepared strictly in accordance with the methods presented by the Ayurvedic text is very great and their curative powers cannot be in the least doubted or disputed. The Ayurvedic and Siddha systems have played a very important and vital part in the sphere of public health. Their popularity is due to their availability, cheapness and efficacy, but their thorough knowledge was confined to a few specialists only. There was paucity of standardisation of the drugs and therefore the Ayurvedic system did not keep pace with the Allopathic system. An Ayurvedic physician is very accurate and scientific in determining the causes, symptoms and treatment of diseases. He accurately diagnoses the diseases by feeling the pulse or looking at the eyes and face. He brings about harmony of the three Doshas-Vatha (wind), Pitta (bile) and Kapha (phlegm) by administering the suitable Rasas in correct proportions and combinations. Ayurveda can cure certain diseases for which the Allopathic Pharmacopoeia has no remedy. There are great many indigenous drugs of extreme utility but little known to the students of Allopathy. Many of the empirical methods of treatment adopted by many Ayurvedic physicians are. Whatever the ancient Ayurvedic physicians of yore knew are nowadays being brought to light as new discovery by the Allopaths. If people follow the treatment according to the methods of Charaka, there will be few chronic invalids in the world. The Ayurveda or the Science of Life the Ayurveda is by itself an almost perfect science treating of Surgery, Medicine, Therapeutics, etc. The root-medicines, the medicated leaves with which they cured the disease were all powerful and unique. The Hindu Medical system called Ayurveda or the Science of Life is regarded by the Hindus as the fifth Veda. It is stated that this knowledge of medicine was revealed by Brahma who instructed for the first time the patriarch Daksha. Punarvasu, the son of Atri, Bharadwaja, Indra and the two Aswins practised this system of medicine. A time came for the Rishis and sages to take their long leave and their disciples practised Ayurveda, who in their turn went the way of all flesh and blood and their followers practised it. There were no well trained masters to give clear instructions, no schools and colleges to receive education and practical training. An Ayurvedic father was jealous to make even his son well-versed in Ayurvedic Science, Exclusivism, and not the spirit of inclusivism, aristocracy and not liberalism and plebianism were the most pondering elements. The books written by the Rishis and sages were in the hands of certain unsympathetic audacious men who cared not the well being of the suffering humanity at large. So, in the field of Ayurveda, there were no well-trained sympathetic captains to guide. The Science, the exclusive Science, which the exclusive men hid for themselves and thus prevented its sunshine to glow over far off climes, and which would have become an eternal blessing, sank into partial oblivion. It is our sincere and heart-felt longing to see this venerable and ancient system of medicine, the system of our ancestors, sages and Rishis come to the front and occupy the same prominent position, it held in days of yore. It is highly gratifying to note that some generous hearted and liberal minded noble men of the Aryan land are straining their every nerve in the resuscitation of our ancient system of medicine, which, but for their munificence would have been swept away altogether from practice at the present day. Ayurveda Is Scientific Western scholars who have studied the Ayurveda are of the opinion that the Hindus developed their Medical science without any extraneous aid. That the Arabs at one time celebrated for their cultivation of Medical Science, had borrowed Medicine from the Hindus, is of course admitted. There are scholars whose enthusiasm of Greece is so great that they do not hesitate to advance the extraordinary proposition that except the blind forces of Nature nothing moves in the world that is not Greek in origin. We have nothing to do with scholars that have in even their historical speculations taken leave of sobriety.
They are all steeped in water and put aside in earthen jars for vinous fermentation. When raw medicinal substances are used for fermentation, the resulting fluid is called Asava. When the decoction of drugs only is added, the fermented liquor is called Arishta. Medicated Oils and Ghritas these are decoctions of vegetable drugs in oil or Ghrita (ghee or clarified butter). They are prepared by boiling vegetable drugs in ghee or oil with the addition of water, milk or a decoction of drugs. A number of mineral substances of salts are heated in a retort and the distilled fluid is collected in a glass-reservoir. This is prepared by steeping one part of a drug in six parts of water for the night and straining the fluid in the morning. Phanta They are infusions prepared by steeping one part of powered herbs in 8 parts of hot water for 12 hours during the night. Svarasa this is expressed juice prepared by pounding vegetables in a mortar expressing the juice and straining it through cloth. They are made by adding to syrup medicines in fine powder and stirring them over the fire till ultimately mixed and reduced to proper consistence. Syrup may be made with sugar and water or milk or the strained decoction of some medicinal substances. Ayuryedic Preparations Arishta, Asava is a fermented drink of honey, syrup and water with various medicinal stuffs. Kashaya, Kvatha is a decoction of 4 to 16 parts of water with one part of medicine. Lehya, Avalehya is a licking substance or confection consisting of thick extracts from plants with addition of sugar. The stuffs are turned into a ball which is enveloped in leaves strung together and is covered with a layer of mud. Then the shell is broken and the roasted medicine is given either as a pill or a powder, or its extract as juice with honey. Svarasa is a natural juice, which is produced in a mortar by pounding fresh plants. Dose for adults is one ounce twice daily with one ounce of water, 15 minutes after food. Useful in piles, dysentery, anaemia, bowel complaints, worms, chronic constipation, spleen and liver disorders. For children below six years 2 teaspoonfuls, Amritarishta: Chief ingredients are Gudoochi or Giloy, Satavari, Prapak, Saptaparna (sarsaparilla), Kaituki, Tirukutu, black cumin. This is a bitter tonic and stimulant specially beneficial in chronic fevers, malaria, night sweating, debility. Useful in leucorrhoea, dismenorrhoea or difficulty of menstruation, menorrhagia and other female complaints, amenorrhoea or absence of menstruation, Metitis. It contains also triphala, dry ginger, black cumin, bark of Vasaka, red sandal powder, the seed of mango, neelkamal or blue lotus, Nagarmotha, dhaykapool. Aswagandharishta: Chief ingredients: Aswagandha, honey, Musali, white Manjistha, Hareetaki (big), Rasna, Turmeric, Mulati (liquorice), Bidari kand, Arjuna sal, Nagarmotha, red sandal, white sandal, trikote. Useful in Epilepsy, general and nervous debility, sleeplessness, loss of memory; a tonic for all rheumatic complaints. Balarishta: Chief ingredients are Bala, Aswagandha, Dhatakipushpa (wood fordia, Floribunda), Satavari, Rasna, big cardamoms, cloves (lavanga), Gokuru, Purana gud. Useful in all kinds of debility, Rheumatic pains, asti jwara, pains in joints, heniplegia, all discharges. Babbuladyarishta: Babbulka chhal (bark), Dhataki pushpa, pippali (long pepper), Jeyapal (nutmeg), cardamoms, cinnamon, cloves, Nagkesar (Masuaferia), black pepper, Tamalpatra (cinnamonum tamala).
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