The unshaded area represents the terminal territories of the anterior and posterior cerebral arteries. Cortical branches of the posterior cerebral artery seen from the ventral and medial surfaces. The splenium of the corpus callosum is supplied by the callosal branch of the posterior cerebral artery. Schematic drawing of a coronal (frontal) section through the cerebral hemisphere at the level of the internal capsule and thalamus, showing the major vascular territories. Carotid angiography (Figures 3-8A and B through 3-11) shows the following arteries: 1. Vertebral angiography (see Figure 3-8C and D; Figures 3-12 and 3-13) shows the following arteries: 1. Carotid angiogram, venous phase, lateral projection showing cerebral veins and venous sinuses. Remember that aneurysms of the posterior communicating artery may result in third nerve palsy.
It is also possible to spread malaria via contaminated needles or in blood transfusions. This is why all blood donors are carefully screened with questionnaires for possible exposure to malaria. It is possible to contract malaria in non-endemic areas, although such cases are rare. Nevertheless, at least 89 cases of so-called airport malaria, in which travelers contract malaria while passing through crowded airport terminals, have been identified since 1969. Although only about 1400 new cases were reported in the United States and its territories in 2000, many involved returning travelers. In addition, locally transmitted malaria has occurred in California, Florida, Texas, Michigan, New Jersey, and New York City. While malaria can be transmitted in blood, the American blood supply is not screened for malaria. Widespread malarial epidemics are far less likely to occur in the United States, but small localized epidemics could return to the Western world. Then, just as suddenly, the patient begins to sweat profusely, which will quickly bring down the fever. In many cases, this cycle of chills, fever, and sweating occurs every other day, or every third day, and may last for between a week and a month. Those with the chronic form of malaria may have a relapse as long as 50 years after the initial infection. Falciparum malaria is far more severe than other types of malaria because the parasite attacks all red blood cells, not just the young or old cells, as do other types. So many red blood cells are destroyed that they block the blood vessels in vital organs (especially the brain and kidneys), and the spleen becomes enlarged. Certain kinds of mosquitoes belonging to the genus Anopheles can pick up the parasite by biting an infected human. Since strains of malaria do not protect against each other, it is possible to be reinfected with the parasites again and again. It is also possible to develop a chronic infection without developing an effective immune response. Anyone who becomes ill with chills and fever after being in an area where malaria exists must see a doctor and mention their recent travel to endemic areas. A person with the above symptoms who has been in a highrisk area should insist on a blood test for malaria. Malaria is often misdiagnosed by North American doctors who are not used to seeing the disease. Treatment Traditional Chinese medicine the Chinese herb qiinghaosu (the Western name is artemisinin) has been used in China and southeast Asia to fight severe malaria, and became available in Europe in 1994. It is usually combined with another antimalarial drug (mefloquine) to prevent relapse and drug resistance. It is not available in the United States and other parts of the developed world due to fears of its toxicity, in addition to licensing and other issues. Western herbal medicine A Western herb called wormwood (Artemesia annua) that is taken as a daily dose may be effective against malaria. Protecting the liver with herbs like goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis), Chinese goldenthread (Coptis chinensis), and milk thistle (Silybum marianum) can be used as preventive treatment. These herbs should only be used as complementary to conventional treatment and not to replace it. Traditional African herbal medicine As of late 2002, researchers are studying a traditional African herbal remedy against malaria. Extracts from Microglossa pyrifolia, a trailing shrub belonging to the daisy family (Asteraceae), show promise in treating drug-resistent strains of P. These blood smears may need to be repeated over a 72-hour period in order to make a diagnosis. Antibody tests are not usually helpful because many people developed antibodies from past infections, and the tests may not be readily available.
Diseases
They experience muscle weakness and difficulty walking, as well as muscle spasms and numbness, tingling, or prickling ("pins and needles") sensations called paresthesias. As the disease progresses, sudden partial or complete paralysis of the arms or legs is common, as are an inability to speak clearly, move without tremors, or hear clearly. There are also periods, called remissions, in which patients are free of symptoms; remission can be complete or partial. Many are able to continue to live a relatively normal life for at least 20 years after onset, although some patients become disabled within a few months of being diagnosed. Treatment Nutritional therapy Many multiple sclerosis patients follow a low-fat diet developed by Dr. Cod liver oil is a good source of omega-3 fatty acid, one of the two essential fatty acids. Omega-3 fatty acid is believed to support myelin production and improve nerve function. For patients too weak to exercise alone, a massage or assisted physical therapy should be helpful to improve circulation to the limbs and promote well-being. Steroids such as methylprednisolone and prednisone are also sometimes used to treat flare-ups. On the other hand, patients who recover quickly after the initial symptoms or those who experience only sensory impairment for five years or more after diagnosis often are able to maintain work longer and live longer than those with chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. Prevention There is no way to prevent the onset of multiple sclerosis, though a diet low in saturated fat may be helpful. These drugs have significant side effects including fever, tiredness, weakness, chills, muscle aches and inflammation at injection sites. An implantable infusion pump that delivers the drug directly into the spinal cord can be used for patients with severe spasticity. Diazepam (valium) is sometimes given together with baclofen to increase its effectiveness. Partial remission means that the disease is significantly improved, but residual traces of the disease are still present. In alcoholism, relapse refers to a patient beginning to drink alcohol again after a period of avoiding alcohol. Prior to the release of a mumps vaccine in the United States in 1967, approximately 92% of all children had been exposed to mumps by the age of 15. In these pre-vaccine years, most children contracted mumps between the ages of four and seven. The greatest mumps epidemic was in 1941 when approximately 250 cases were reported for every 100,000 people. In 1968, the year after the live mumps vaccine was released, only 76 cases were reported for every 100,000 people. By 1985, less than 3,000 cases of mumps were reported throughout the entire United States, which works out to about 1 case per 100,000 people. However, 1987 noted a five-fold increase in the incidence of the disease because of the reluctance of some states to adopt comprehensive school immunization laws. Since then, state-enforced school entry requirements have achieved student immunization rates of nearly 100% in kindergarten and first grade. Initial symptoms include chills, headache, loss of appetite, and a lack of energy. Accompanying the swollen glands is pain on chewing or swallowing, especially with acidic beverages, such as lemonade. Swelling of the glands reaches a maximum on about the second day and usually disappears by the seventh day. Once a person has contracted mumps, he or she becomes immune to the disease, despite how mild or severe symptoms may have been. While the majority of cases of mumps are uncomplicated and pass without incident, some complications can occur.
Generally, however, such diets included much lean red meat from game, as well as eggs, fish, fruit, nuts, and vegetables. For twenty-first century adherents to Caveman diets, potatoes and peanuts are also forbidden. These diets are high in high-quality protein, fiber, vitamins, minerals, iron, mono-unsaturated fats, omega-3 fats, phytochemicals, and antioxidants. They are low in salt, saturated fats, enzyme inhibitors such as protease or amylase inhibitors, exorphins, and glycoalkaloids. Odle Paleolithic diet Definition the Paleolithic, or caveman, diet is a reversion to the foods eaten by humans prior to the advents of civilization, agriculture, and technology. Before those developments, the human diet during the Stone Age is thought to have consisted largely of lean red meat and vegetation. In some cases, modern-day "Paleos" actually adopt such a lifestyle, hunting their own food in the natural environment. Precautions Concerns have been expressed about the environmental effects of millions of people switching to diets heavy in red meats, requiring many agricultural operations to switch from growing crops to raising livestock. Sensitive wild areas could be ravaged in the search for insufficient quantities of Paleolithic foods. The global food supply is widely thought to be incapable of supporting widespread adoption of this diet. It is also believed that Stone Age peoples had access to a broader range of wild foods than are currently available, and modern-day "Paleos" should monitor their consumption to ensure a balanced diet. Some nutritionists caution against total dietary exclusion of milk and milk products, arguing that low-fat dairy products can be useful to maintain sufficient levels of calcium. Origins the Paleolithic Period of human development, characterized by the use of chipped, stone tools, began about 2. Whenever possible, Paleolithic peoples consumed large amounts of animal meat and offal, deriving 45-65% of their energy from animals. Among those aboriginal, hunter-gatherer societies in Australia, Africa, and South America that survived into the twentieth century, the rates of cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, obesity, diabetes, osteoporosis, heart disease, and other conditions were remarkably low until they switched to modern diets. In most other cultures, this switch to modern diets happened about 10,000 years ago, when it was discovered that many inedible plants could be rendered suitable for human consumption by cooking. This resulted in the introduction of grains, beans, and potatoes as foods, and later followed by sugar, milk, and milk products. Side effects A balanced Paleolithic diet is thought to be generally free of harmful side effects, although anyone excluding milk and dairy products should be careful to maintain sufficient dietary levels of calcium to avoid problems such as osteoporosis, osteomalacia, rickets, and tetany. Benefits Many nutritionists and scientists believe a Paleolithic diet and lifestyle might be an effective weapon against the adverse effects of modern affluence, reducing risk of heart disease, cancer, obesity, rheumatoid arthritis, and other conditions. Since this was the diet practiced during much of human evolution, advocates argue, it is the food that humans were designed to eat. Additionally, these advocates endorse the idea that milk (after weaning) and grains were never intended for human consumption. There is absolutely no question that people who get plenty of exercise and eat lots of fruits and vegetables and avoid saturated fats tend to be healthier. Some experts are dubious, however, as to whether the benefits of the caveman diet extend into old age. They argue that diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and arthritis are found less frequently in hunter-gatherer societies because few members of those societies survive to an age at which those conditions become problems. Several Ayurvedic institutes and health clinics have been established in America that perform panchakarma and research on its healing effects. Environmental medicine studies how the accumulation of environmental substances in the body may cause disease, and detoxification therapy utilizes cleansing the body as its central treatment. Training & certification There is no organization dedicated specifically to training and certification of Paleolithic diet advisors, although a substantial number of scientists, physicians, and nutritionists are interested in the subject and can provide advice. Panchakarma has been used to treat allergies, asthma, arthritis, cancer, chronic fatigue syndrome, colitis, high cholesterol, depression, diabetes, digestive disorders, heart disease, hypertension, immune problems, infections, inflammation, insomnia, nervous disorders, obesity, skin problems, and ulcers. Panchakarma may be used alongside intensive conventional treatments including chemotherapy and surgery, to support healing and recovery. Panchakarma is safe and non-toxic, and can be used as prevention and to increase general well-being.
Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group. The role of fibrates in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: a pooled metaanalysis of long-term randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials. Fifteen year mortality in Coronary Drug Project patients: long-term benefit with niacin. Reduction of mortality in the Stockholm Ischaemic Heart Disease Secondary Prevention Study by combined treatment with clofibrate and nicotinic acid. Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease. Clinical evidence for use of acetyl salicylic acid in control of flushing related to nicotinic acid treatment. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of once-daily niacin for the treatment of dyslipidemia associated with type 2 diabetes: results of the assessment of diabetes control and evaluation of the efficacy of niaspan trial. Benefits of niacin by glycemic status in patients with healed myocardial infarction (from the Coronary Drug Project). Effect of sulfonylurea therapy on plasma lipids and highdensity lipoprotein composition in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors for patients with type 2 diabetes: results from a Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. Correlation of serum lipids with diabetes control in sulfonylurea-treated diabetic patients. Pioglitazone versus rosiglitazone: effects on lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins in head-to-head randomized clinical studies. Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes. Weight loss with sibutramine improves glycaemic control and other metabolic parameters in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Efficacy and tolerability of rimonabant in 682 Cardiovascular Risk Factors Chapter 40 overweight or obese patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled study. High density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol screening, and myocardial infarction: the Framingham Study. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol as an independent risk factor in cardiovascular disease: assessing the data from Framingham to the Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Intervention Trial. Macrophage reverse cholesterol transport: key to the regression of atherosclerosis Effect of recombinant ApoA-I Milano on coronary atherosclerosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes: a randomized controlled trial. New approaches in the diagnosis of atherosclerosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Effect of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor, anacetrapib, on lipoproteins in patients with dyslipidaemia and on 24-h ambulatory blood pressure in healthy individuals: two double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled phase I studies. In this study, the prognosis improved with a decrease in HbA1c without any threshold or observed upper limit. The impact expressed as number of patients needed to treat to avoid one event is lower among people with diabetes because of their higher absolute risk. These drugs should be used with great caution in patients with diabetes and heart failure. In 1954, Lundbaek [1,2] published an article on clinically important complications in patients with diabetes underlining that heart disease was common in patients with diabetes; indeed, it was present in twothirds of elderly subjects. Further details on the classification and diagnosis of different glucose abnormalities are given elsewhere in this book.
Norton concludes by stating that: the combination of styles can have a synergistic impact. The communicator has an incredibly high number of stylistic combinations that can give form to literal meaning. In addition, the right combination of communicator styles could be very effective in communicating content and affect to students. While each person probably has a primary communicator style, he or she can, on occasion, deviate from his or her own primary communicator style. Norton states, "a style profile is not an absolute portrayal of the way a person communicates" (p. Situational demands might influence a person to alter her or his primary communicator style. Norton concludes by stating, "In Chapter Thirteen - 167 short, most style profiles are variable, but sufficiently patterned to create resistant expectations" (p. In conclusion, communicator style is observable, multifaceted, multi collinear, and variable, but sufficiently patterned. The more a student knows and communicates with a teacher, the more likely the student will be able to predict the primary communicator styles of that teacher. Lastly, teachers who seem to have no consistent, primary communicator style may be perceived by students as moody and unpredictable. For example, while many comedians attempt to be flexible, adaptable, and different, if you observe closely they still have a primary communicator style which varies according to the audience, situation, and content. This leads us to a discussion of the subconstructs, dimensions, facets, factors, or types of communicator style. We will discuss the style types and their corresponding communication behaviors and characterizations below. Dominant Style the dominant communicator style is reflected by the verbal and nonverbal components which signal a communicator is "in charge" or dominant. For example, a person using a dominant communicator style speaks very frequently, comes on strong, dominates informal and formal conversations, takes charge of conversations, directs conversations, exhibits dominant nonverbal behaviors such as vocally loud, speaking faster, little hesitating, dominant movements and gestures, and controlling eye contact. The person who uses a dominant communicator style is viewed by others as in control, competent, confident, self-assured, forceful, and competitive. Dramatic Style the dramatic communicator style is reflected by the verbal and nonverbal components which signal a communicator is vivid, striking, attempting to emphasize a point, or be dramatic. For example, a person using a dramatic communicator style has very Chapter Thirteen - 168 picturesque speech; verbally or nonverbally exaggerates to emphasize a point; acts out, tells jokes, anecdotes, or stories; highlights, stresses, and emphasizes points quite frequently. They may also overstate; understate; tell fantasies; use metaphors, allegories, sarcasm, or satire; and regularly use nonverbal behaviors which assist in the dramatization. The person who uses a dramatic style is viewed by others as memorable, visible, observable, attractive, and popular. Contentious Style the contentious style is reflected by the verbal and nonverbal components which signal a communicator is argumentative. For example, a person using a contentious style has an argumentative tone, has a difficult time stopping her or himself from arguing, enjoys arguing, often shows others proof to support their argument, insists upon preciseness from others in arguments, is quick to challenge others, and is generally quarrelsome. They may be viewed as competent and confident like the dominant style or they may be viewed as unpleasant, rude, and aggressive. Animated Style the animated style is reflected by the verbal and nonverbal components which signal a communicator is lively, spirited, or outgoing. For example, a person using an animated style is very nonverbally and verbally expressive, uses many expansive gestures, and uses many facial expressions, gestures, body movements, and vocal variety. Their emotional state is generally known by those in their immediate surroundings, and they are highly expressive communicators. If a person is animated at all times, they may be perceived by others as jumpy, emotionally immature, easily excited, and easily aroused. Impression Leaving Style this style variable refers to "whether a person is remembered because of the communicative stimuli he or she projects" (Norton, 1983, p. Impression leaving Chapter Thirteen - 169 depends on the source communicating cues that leave an impression and the receiver receiving and processing the cues that leave an impression.
Satmooli (Asparagus Racemosus). Provera.
Source: http://www.rxlist.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=97111
Only a small percentage of Lyme disease patients fail to respond or relapse (have recurring episodes). Most longterm effects of the disease result when diagnosis and treatment is delayed or missed. Co-infection with other infectious organisms spread by ticks in the same areas as Bb (babesiosis and ehrlichiosis, for instance) may be responsible for treatment failures or more severe symptoms. Most fatalities reported with Lyme disease involved patients coinfected with babesiosis. As of late 2003, the best prevention strategy is through minimizing risk of exposure to ticks and using personal protection precautions. Minimizing risk of exposure Precautions to avoid contact with ticks include moving leaves and brush away from living quarters. In highly tick-populated areas, each individual should be inspected at the end of the day to look for ticks. Coping With Lyme Disease: A Practical Guide to Dealing With Diagnosis and Treatment. Cerebrospinal fluid-Clear fluid found around the brain and spinal cord and in the ventricles of the brain. Probiotics-Treatment with beneficial microbes, either by ingestion or through a rectal or vaginal suppository, to restore a healthy balance of bacteria to the body. Vector-An animal carrier that transfers an infectious organism from one host to another. The vector that transmits Lyme disease from wildlife to humans is the deer tick or black-legged tick. Zoonosis (plural, zoonoses)-Any disease of animals that can be transmitted to humans under natural conditions. Frey, PhD Lymphatic drainage Definition Lymphatic drainage is a therapeutic method that uses massage-like manipulations to stimulate lymph movement. Combined with other techniques of complete decongestive physiotherapy, it is used to treat lymphedema, swelling in the limbs caused by lymph accumulation. Origins the use of massage and compression techniques to treat swollen arms and legs was pioneered by Alexander Von Winiwarter, a nineteenth-century surgeon from Belgium. These techniques were refined during the 1930s by Danish massage practitioner Emil Vodder into what is now known as manual lymph drainage. During the 1980s, German physician Michael Foldi combined lymph drainage with other techniques to develop complete decongestive physiotherapy, widely used in the treatment of lymphedema. Benefits Lymphatic drainage is said to beneficially effect the nervous, immune and muscular systems. Its primary purpose is the treatment of lymphedema, a condition that causes unattractive swelling of arms and legs and creates an environment ripe for infection. Description Lymphatic drainage is accomplished by gentle, rhythmic massage following the direction of lymph flow. Mild stretching movements are used on the walls of lymph collectors to redirect the flow away from blocked areas into other vessels that drain into the veins. The various species are known by a variety of common names, such as willow herb, purple willow herb, long purples, moneywort, rainbows, soldiers, creeping Jenny, and purple and yellow loosestrife. Lysimachia is a perennial found throughout Europe, Russia, central Asia, Australia, and North America. The species known commonly as yellow loosestrife is generally larger than purple loosestrife. The flowers, which can be either yellow or purple, are very pretty, and are generally about 1 in (2. Purple loosestrife is so successful, that in parts of the United States, it has been declared a danger to wetlands, as it tends to quickly dominate and force out other species of local flora.
Insulin detemir Insulin detemir is a newer formulation of intermediate- to longacting insulin with a duration of effect in type 1 diabetes singledose studies that is dose-dependent. A total of 475 subjects were randomized to participate in a 24-week study comparing twice daily administration of these two insulins at breakfast and bedtime. Starting with 10 units per injection subjects were instructed to titrate doses every 3 days based upon pre-dinner and pre-breakfast self-monitored glucose averages from 2 up to 10 units per injection. Most subjects (about 70%) achieved HbA1c less than 7% (<53 mmol/mol) but more subjects on detemir achieved the goal without hypoglycemia. Its desirable features include a lower rate of hypoglycemia, somewhat greater consistency in glycemic response from day to day, and possibly a reduced tendency for weight gain. Optimal manner of initiating insulin and progressive insulin treatment Recent studies have tried to readdress the issue of whether there is a best way to initiate insulin treatment. The strategy of basal insulin only vs the alternative of basal and prandial insulin combined continues to be addressed. The 4-T Study, which is a multicenter multiyear trial of insulin therapy carried out in an open-label manner is one such study [100]. The outcomes of this study included mean glycated hemoglobin level, the proportion of patients with a glycated hemoglobin level of 6. Hypoglycemia rates were lowest in those who began with basal insulin while weight gain was highest in those who began with prandial insulin. The authors concluded that this study provides evidence to support the addition of basal insulin to oral therapy with subsequent intensification to a basal-bolus regimen as the preferred method of insulin initiation in people with type 2 diabetes. A subsequent editorial, however, felt that while it was clear that insulin initiation with basal insulin is preferred to prandial insulin, biphasic insulin may still provide an effective means of obtaining glycemia control for patients and clinicians wanting a less intensive insulin regimen [102]. Patient self-titration is clearly more effective than waiting until the next physician visit and involves the patient in their own care. When patients no longer can continue adequate glycemic control despite fasting glycemia in a desirable range or if erratic fasting control exists, the authors often add meal insulin at dinner or at the largest meal of the day based on weight (0. When there is a history of overnight or early morning hypoglycemia, testing of post-prandial control is very important. Commonly, one needs to make at least a unit for unit trade-off between meal insulin and basal insulin; as the former increases, an equal decrease in basal insulin helps to minimize nocturnal hypoglycemia. Medical management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy. A consensus statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Intensive bloodglucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Statement by an American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology consensus panel on type 2 diabetes mellitus: an algorithm for glycemic control. Effect of orlistat in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin. Clinical efficacy of orlistat therapy in overweight and obese patients with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes: a 1-year randomized controlled trial. Effect of sibutramine on weight management and metabolic control in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of clinical studies. Troglitazone in combination with sulfonylurea restores glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Combined therapy with a sulfonylurea plus evening insulin: safe, reliable, and becoming routine. Targeting postprandial hyperglycemia: a comparative study of insulinotropic agents in type 2 diabetes. Pleiotropic actions of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors in lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis.
Free radical damage is believed to contribute to aging, as well as too severe conditions including heart disease and cancer. The French paradox has to do with the fact that the French eat as much cholesterol as Americans, yet have a significantly reduced incidence of heart disease. Researchers have theorized that one reason for this paradox is the French consumption of red wine with meals. Pine bark extract has been shown to contain a powerful antioxidant that helps protect cells from free radical damage and increases the effectiveness of vitamin C. Pine bark extract has been shown to help lower cholesterol, and to decrease the risk and severity of atherosclerosis, or damage to the arteries. It has been demonstrated to help strengthen and repair tissues made of collagen, a protein that builds blood vessels, skin, and connective tissue. General use Pine bark extract is used to reduce the risk and severity of heart disease, strokes, high cholesterol, and circulation problems. It is used in the nutritional treatment of varicose veins and edema, which is swelling in the body due to fluid retention and leakage of blood vessels. Pine bark extract is recommended to improve the health and smoothness of the skin, including damage caused by overexposure to sunlight. Pine bark extract is a supplement used for anti-aging and preventive care as well. Preparations Pine bark extract is available in health food stores as powder and capsules. For treatment of health conditions, the dosage may be increased to 300 mg or more, depending on the advice of a physician and the specific condition. Precautions While pine bark extract is used in the nutritional treatment of many conditions, it is not meant to replace proper medical supervision. Side effects Pine bark extract has been extensively tested for safety, and no dangerous side effects have been observed with its use. Interactions the effectiveness of pine bark extract may be increased with the use of other antioxidants, including vitamins A, C, E, and the mineral selenium. Diets rich in foods that contain antioxidants and bioflavonoids, such as fresh fruits and vegetables, may also contribute to its effectiveness. Bioflavonoids-Water-soluble plant pigments that have a wide variety of effects on the human body. Cholesterol-A steroid fat found in animal foods that is also produced in the body for several important functions. They consider that its properties are "pungent, warm, and toxic," and it is considered a treatment for the areas of the Chinese concepts of Spleen, Stomach, and Lung. Remedies are generally prepared from the roots and stems of the plant and are used to treat digestive and respiratory problems. Pinellia is most useful for chest complaints, in which it is used in conjunction with magnolia bark or perilla leaf-both common ingredients of Chinese remedies. It is especially useful when dealing with phlegm and congestion, which are both cold in nature. Pinellia is also used in combination with other herbal ingredients for the treatment of nausea and vomiting. Chinese herbalists also recommend pinellia for the treatment of swollen glands, and certain cases of goiter, for which it is used in conjunction with seaweed and fritillary bulb. It is recommended for sinus problems in which there is pain and a feeling of fullness across the sinus area. In addition, the Chinese use it for the treatment of scrofula and subcutaneous cysts. It is the primary ingredient in Banxia Houpu decoction, a traditional Chinese formula that has been used for centuries to treat depression. A recent chemical analysis of this decoction showed that its antidepressant activity is close to that of fluoxetine (Prozac). A new use for pinellia is its role as an adjuvant (substance given to assist the effectiveness of a vaccine or medication) to a nasal vaccine for influenza. Researchers isolated a compound called pinellic acid from pinellia, and found that an oral preparation of it measurably increased the effectiveness of a nasal vaccine against influenza without any harmful side effects.
They sometimes dig through the digestive tract to get into the bloodstream, muscles, and other organs where they cause even more havoc. These types of parasites most often cause malnutrition and anemia because they tend to rob the body of essential nutrients it needs. Small parasites-mostly protozoa and amoebae- are so tiny that they can only be seen with a microscope. Although they usually stay in the intestines, they can migrate virtually anywhere in the body: into the bloodstream, muscles, and even vital organs such as the brain, the lungs, or the liver, where they do substantial damage. The infection caused Chagas disease, causing two of the three donor recipients to die. However, the agency also stressed that tissue graft surgery was still a safe procedure. In the United States, because of high sanitary standards and a temperate climate, parasitic insects do not flourish. Common bugs such as ticks, mites, fleas, lice, and bedbugs may cause intense itching in affected areas. One exception is the deer tick, which is associated with the debilitating Lyme disease. Other parasites, spread by mosquitoes, cause more serious diseases like western and eastern equine encephalitis, malaria, Dengue fever, and yellow fever. The worm resides in the colon, yet it lays eggs outside the body, usually near the anus, a process that causes severe itching. The disease can be transmitted from one individual to another through dirty hands, clothing, bedclothes, and toys. The two most common tapeworms are Taenia solium (pork tapeworm) and Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm). Taenia solium infestation is caused by eating undercooked pork while Taenia saginata (pork tapeworm) infestation is associated with consuming raw beef. More seriously, when adult pork tapeworm eggs, excreted in human feces, are ingested by other people (which can happen with poor hygiene and sanitation), the parasitic life cycle that occurs in pigs and cattle takes place in the human host. Once in the human digestive system, the tapeworm eggs, called proglottids, develop into an embryonic form of the parasite called onchospheres that burrow through the intestinal wall and into the bloodstream. From there they migrate into the muscles, eyes, and the brain, a condition called cysticercosis. These organisms are some of the most common and infectious parasites in the world. Protozoa may spread throughout the body, causing abscesses in the lungs, liver, heart, and brain. Cramps, watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, and serious weight loss are common symptoms of Giardia infection. Entamoeba histolytica can cause dysentery, a severe form of intestinal infection, as well as liver and lung damage. Humans become infected with this organism by eating raw or undercooked meat or by handling infected cat litter, which can contain eggs. Infected babies are born with congenital toxoplasmosis, and have symptoms that include eye inflammation, blindness, jaundice, seizures, abnormally small or large heads, and mental retardation. Parasitic infections Symptoms Parasitic infections are difficult to diagnose because many patients exhibit only vague symptoms or no symptoms at all. Other symptoms of parasitic infections include anemia, blood in the stool, bloating, diarrhea, gas, loss of appetite, intestinal obstruction, nausea, vomiting, sore mouth and gums, excessive nose picking, grinding teeth at night, chronic fatigue, headaches, muscle aches and pains, shortness of breath, skin rashes, depression, and memory loss. Three to six stool samples are collected every one or two days to look for eggs and parasites. This procedure is used to obtain samples from the duodenum (the upper part of the small intestine), which are then analyzed for the presence of parasites.
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