Elevated levels of diesel range organic compounds in groundwater near Marcellus gas operations are derived from surface activities. Hydraulic fracturing components in Marcellus groundwater likely from surface operations, not wells. Five of six monitoring wells in the 94-acre waste site showed high levels of salt, boron, and chloride, but it is not known how far and fast the contaminated plume has traveled. Surprisingly, the researchers found no strong relationship between depth and the volume of water and chemicals used for fracking. Many wells were both shallow and water-intensive, with significant variation in water use from state to state. First, wastewater from California fracking operations is sometimes used for crop irrigation, in which case contaminants may seep from the surface of agricultural areas into groundwater. Second, nearly 60 percent of fracking wastewater in California is disposed of in unlined, open-air pits, a practice that is banned in almost all other states. There are 900 such waste disposal pits in the state, most of which are located in Kern County. Third, for many years, fracking wastewater in California has been mistakenly sent, via injection wells, directly into protected aquifers containing clean freshwater. Stream vulnerability to widespread and emergent stressors: a focus on unconventional oil and gas. The depths of hydraulic fracturing and accompanying water use across the United States. Conceding this mistake, the agency has shut down 23 injection wells for fracking waste disposal and established a two-year timetable for phasing out other wells injecting waste into aquifers that should have been protected. While this volume of water represents a small percentage of overall annual water consumption in California, fracking-related water use is, the study noted, disproportionately concentrated in areas of the state already suffering from water shortages. Further drawdowns of these aquifers may interfere with agricultural and municipal water needs. The absence of evidence for direct contamination of groundwater by fracking, the study concluded, reflects absence of investigation rather than evidence of safety. It shows wide geographic and temporal variation in the amount of water used to frack a single well. Median annual water volumes needed to frack a single horizontal oil or gas well increased dramatically-by a factor of 25 or more-between 2000 and 2014. A typical gas or oil well that is horizontally fracked now requires between six and eight Olympic-sized swimming pools of water. In 2014, the majority (58 percent) of new hydraulically fracked oil and gas wells were horizontally drilled. The watersheds where the most water was consumed for hydraulic fracturing are mostly located in southern or southwestern states and correspond to the following shale formations: the Eagle Ford and Barnett Shales in Texas; the HaynesvilleBossier Shale in Texas and Louisiana; the Fayetteville Shale in Arkansas; the Tuscaloosa Shale in Louisiana and Mississippi; and the Woodford Shale in Oklahoma. The Marcellus and Utica Shales-which underlie watersheds in parts of Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and New York-were also in the top seven water-consuming shale plays in the United States. Hydraulic fracturing water use variability in the United States and potential environmental implications. The study, which analyzed 550 water samples from public and private water wells, found elevated levels of 19 different hydrocarbon compounds associated with fracking (including the carcinogen benzene and the reproductive toxicant, toluene), detections of methanol and ethanol, and strikingly high levels of 10 different metals. The report also identified potential mechanisms, both above and below ground, by which drinking water resources can be contaminated by fracking. In some cases, drinking water was contaminated by spills of fracking fluid and wastewater. Of the total known spills, 300 reached an environmental receptor such as surface water or groundwater. To the contrary, this report confirmed that drilling and fracking activities have contaminated drinking water in some cases and acknowledged that it cannot ascertain 354 Belitz, K. The message of this report is that we have identified vulnerabilities in the water system that are really important to know about and address to keep risks as low as possible. This finding represents the first fully documented case of a commonly used fracking chemical entering a drinking water source. They can extend deep underground, and can act like superhighways for escaped gas and liquids from drill wells to travel along, for distances greater than a mile away. Of 996 fracking fluid compounds known to be in use, researchers screened 659 of them for their ability to persist, migrate, and reach groundwater aquifers over a short time scale. Of the fifteen compounds so identified, two were commonly used in fracking operations: naphthalene and 2-butoxyethanol.
The affecby a gradual enlargement of one group of lymph glands in excess of the rest. In all parts where the glands are palpable, as in the flexures of joints, in front and back of joints, along the neck, in the throat, they may be recognized as rounded tion manifests itself. Urinary bladder of cow beset will) lymphomata (laid open) oval movable bodies, enlarged to the size of a nut or that of a fist. At autopsy the lymph glands of the interior of the body are also found changed into large nodulated masses, sometimes reaching the size of a human head. At first the capsules of the glands arc retained and, as a consequence, the nodular enlargements arc well defined; their consistence varies, sometimes a and the surface of section has throughout sometimes firm, uniform grayish-white soft, 374 color. The minute structure of these enlarged glands corresponds more or follicles, less closely to that of normal ones, but differentiation into lymph cords and lymph sinuses is less marked, and the tissue is more uniform. The tumor mass is made up of a finely fibrillar or more coarsely trabecular network of connective tissue and blood vessels in which are uniformly distributed, in close apposition to each other, there cells of the type of lymphocytes. In addition to the small rounded lymphocytes with round nuclei rich in chromatin, may be found larger cells like those often met as early or provisional forms in the germinal centers of the follicles, and once and a while a few giant cells (Ribbert). Besides the proper lymph nodes the follicles of the intestine, pharnyx, and especially the lymphatic foci of the spleen, also undergo enlargement. In the course of the progressive proliferation tissue passes the lymphatic beyond its original limits, the capsules of the lymph nodes are broken through and the bunches of glands coalesce into shapeless masses. The infiltrating lymphoid tissue gives to the parenchyma of such parts a pale gray Lymphoma. The infiltration follows along the lymph spaces of the connective lymph channels, and may lead by special local accumulations of the tumor cells to the production of new tumor-like nodes as well. The fact lymph glands in order of position undergo enlargement one after another, and that the metastases are principally located in the lymphatic structures, may, it is thought, bo due to It chemotactic influences of related types of cells (Ribbert). The second group may be properly referred to the class of the sarcomas lymphadenoid sarcoma. It should be added that lymphosarcoma is a highly malignant type of sarcoma, ranking with the ordinary small round cell variety in the severity of malignancy from metastasis. It is, of course, difficult to make the separalimit ourselves of cases, to which, tion in a large group of cases, but as far as possible we should endeavor to exclude from the term lymphosarcoma those cases in which enlargements manifest any appearances of infectious origin. A melanoma, is melano sarcoma characterized (chromatophoro>na), or pig- mented tumor, color produced by a black-brown or slate-gray by the pigment cells (chromatophores) which Normally pigment cells are found as constitute the growth. The melanomata take their origin from these cells and are therefore found most frequently in the skin, being especially common in horses. In most instances these growths develop in horses in the region of the root of the tail, the anus and external genitalia. In these positions they form nodes which protrude fists like boils beneath the skin, attaining the size of several and several kilograms in weight. Secondary nodes are formed along the lymph passages, so that in the cellular tissue of the pelvis there may be found whole chains of tumor nodes and by infiltrative growth the tumor;. Melanomata of the same nature as the above have been met also as primary growths in the cellular tissue near the parotid gland, in the pancreas (Kasewurm), intestine (Csokor), at the base of the heart (Dex; and subcutaneous tissue, and and swelling. Hamburger found one tumor of this kind in the diaphragm Hoare removed a melanoma weighing fifteen kilograms from the temporal region of a brown ox. Bollinger has recorded the in saw two cases occurrence of a congenital melanoma of the size of a cranial cavity of a thirty-day-old calf; in fist in the Wulf, a similar growth calf. Microscopically the pigment found in the form of in brownof the ish black granules, which are distributed the fluids 380 Tumors. The cells are usually so closely packed together that their outlines cannot the tumor tissue is very clearly always be differentiated.
Negative predictable variables are the presence of clinical symptoms, size of primary tumor, elevated CgA and hormonally active tumor by-products, and a high mitotic index. Tumor size is the most predictive factor and spread to regional lymph nodes is common at diagnosis. Features predictive of poor outcome are tumor size greater than 2 cm and invasion of the muscularis propria. High proliferative index has been linked with more aggressive behavior, and it has been proposed that systemic chemotherapy can be considered in the management of midgut tumors with a high mitotic count. Molecular evidence for independent origin of multifocal neuroendocrine tumors of the enteropancreatic axis. Prognostic indicators for carcinoid neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Job Name: - /381449t 18 Liver (Excluding intrahepatic bile ducts; Sarcomas and tumors metastatic to the liver are not included. Only primary hepatocellular carcinoma is included in the current staging system described here. Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common primary cancer of the liver and is a leading cause of death from cancer worldwide. The majority of hepatocellular carcinomas arise in a background of chronic liver disease due to viral hepatitis (B or C), ethanol-related cirrhosis, and, possibly, related steatohepatitis. Other important indicators of outcome in hepatocellular carcinoma are resectability for cure and the extent of vascular invasion. Previously, intrahepatic bile duct cancer was staged using the system derived for hepatocellular carcinoma, but due to the markedly different incidence, epidemiology, treatment and prognosis for these diseases, staging for bile duct cancer has been removed from this chapter. Recent advances in hepatic surgery have made possible anatomic (also called typical) resections along these planes. Histologically, the liver is divided into lobules with central veins draining each lobule. The portal triads between the lobules contain the intrahepatic bile ducts and the blood supply, which consists of small branches of the hepatic artery and portal vein and intrahepatic lymphatic channels. The regional lymph nodes are the hilar, hepatoduodenal ligament lymph nodes, inferior phrenic, and caval lymph nodes, among which the most prominent are the hepatic artery and portal vein lymph nodes. The main mode of dissemination of liver carcinomas is via the portal veins (intrahepatic) and hepatic veins. The liver has a dual blood supply: the hepatic artery, which typically branches from the celiac artery, and the portal vein, which drains the intestine. Blood from the liver passes through the hepatic veins and enters the inferior vena cava. Couinaud refined knowledge about the functional anatomy of the liver and proposed division of the liver into four sectors (formerly called segments) and eight segments. In this nomenclature, the liver is divided by vertical and oblique planes or scissurae defined by the three main hepatic veins and a transverse plane or scissura that follows a line drawn through the right and left portal branches. Tumors may extend through the liver capsule to adjacent organs (adrenal, diaphragm, and colon) or may rupture, causing acute hemorrhage and peritoneal metastasis. The classification considers the presence or absence of vascular invasion (as assessed radiographically or pathologically), the number of tumor nodules (single versus multiple), and the size of the largest tumor (5 cm vs. For pathologic classification, vascular invasion includes gross as well as microscopic involvement of vessels. Major vascular invasion is defined as invasion of the branches of the main portal vein (right or left portal vein; this does not include sectoral or segmental branches) or as invasion of one or more of the three hepatic veins (right, middle, or left). Multiple tumors include satellitosis, multifocal tumors, and intrahepatic metastases. Invasion of adjacent organs other than the gallbladder or with perforation of the visceral peritoneum is considered T4. Validation of T1, T2, and T3 categories of this staging system is based on multivariate analyses of outcome and survival data of single-institution and multi-institution studies of hepatic resection of hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. The survival curves obtained from analysis of the database of the International Cooperative Study Group for Hepatocellular Carcinoma are presented in Figures 18. The system has been independently validated in several large cohorts of patients who underwent hepatic resection for hepatocellular worldwide. Recently, this system was validated in a large cohort of patients who underwent liver transplantation (Figure 18.
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Contamination occurs through three confirmed pathways: spills; discharge of fracking waste into rivers and streams; and underground migration of chemicals, including gas, into drinking water wells. Methane and fracking-related contaminants can reach drinking water sources through cracks in well casings, through spaces between the casing and the wellbore, through naturally occurring fractures and fissures connecting shale layers with aquifers, and through abandoned wells. Methane migration into drinking water aquifers can change water chemistry in ways that mobilize metals or release hydrogen sulfide. In Pennsylvania, a solvent used in fracking fluid was found in drinking water wells near drilling and fracking operations known to have well casing problems. In California, state regulators admitted that they had mistakenly allowed oil companies to inject drilling wastewater into aquifers containing clean, potable water. The final destination for 35 percent of the total volume of liquid oil and gas waste generated in Pennsylvania from 1991-2017 is unknown because of gaps in reporting systems. More than 200 airborne chemical contaminants have been detected near drilling and fracking sites. Of these, 61 are classified as hazardous air pollutants, including carcinogens; 26 are endocrine-disrupting compounds that have been linked to reproductive, developmental, and neurological damage. Exposure to these pollutants is known to cause premature death, exacerbate asthma, and contribute to poor birth outcomes and increased rates of hospitalization and emergency room visits. These six states experience the highest levels of ground-level ozone and fine particle pollution attributable to oil and gas extraction activities. Temporal and spatial trends of conventional and unconventional oil and gas waste management in Pennsylvania, 1991-2017. With an average of 203 high-ozone days a year, intensely fracked Kern County, California, is the fifth-most ozone-polluted county in the nation, according to the American Lung Association. Several studies have documented a sharp uptick in atmospheric ethane, a gas that co-occurs with methane and whose presence is attributable to emissions from oil and gas wells. Flares are used to control pressure but, more frequently, to burn off natural gas as waste during oil drilling in places that lack infrastructure for gas capture and transport. The ongoing boom in domestic oil production enabled by fracking has caused natural gas flaring to proliferate. Emissions from flare stacks contribute to ozone creation and include several carcinogens, notably benzene and formaldehyde. Poor pregnancy outcomes and exacerbation of asthma have been linked to fracking activities in multiple studies in multiple locations using a variety of methodologies. A 2015 Pennsylvania study found a 40 percent increase in the risk of preterm birth among infants born to mothers who lived nearby active drilling and 26 fracking sites, while a 2014 Colorado study found elevated incidence of neural tube defects and congenital heart defects. New studies in Texas and Colorado likewise found associations with infant deaths, high-risk pregnancies, and low birth weight. A 2017 pilot study in British Columbia found elevated levels of muconic acid-a marker of benzene exposure-in the urine of pregnant women living near fracking sites. These trace metals, known to be released during hydraulic fracturing, are known developmental toxicants. Pennsylvania residents with the highest exposure to active fracked gas wells were nearly twice as likely to experience a combination of migraine headaches, chronic nasal and sinus symptoms, and severe fatigue. The Yale team identified 55 known or possible carcinogens that are known to be used in fracking operations and that may be released into the air and water. The Pennsylvania Department of Health reported "no conclusive findings" of a cancer cluster in the Canon- 59 Caron-Beaudoin. Urinary and hair concentrations of trace metals in pregnant women from Northeastern British Columbia: A pilot study. Although announced by the agency as forthcoming in 1983, federal safety regulations for the oil and gas industry have never materialized. Fatality rate data for the oil and gas industry are limited, but available data in the seven years leading up to 2015 show fatality rates in oil and gas extraction that are four to seven times the national fatality rate. In 2017, the most recent year for which data are available, 81 oil and gas extraction workers died on the job, accounting for 72 percent of the fatal work injuries in the mining sector, which overall has a fatality rate nearly four times the national average. Fatality rates among workers in the oil and gas extraction sector in North Dakota were seven times the national fatality rates in this industry, which itself has more deaths from fires and explosions than any other private industry. Retrieved from Young lives at stake: rural areas deserve answers on child cancers 66 Jones, C.
Indirect effects included an increase in domestic fracking, increase in tanker traffic, and exacerbation of climate change as export markets increase demand for natural gas. As reported extensively by the Tyee, the project was the target of intense protest by First Nations people and the subject of many lawsuits, as it threatened public health and would industrialize pristine salmon habitat. The majority of largely Asian-backed proponents have now cancelled or deferred their projects. These guidelines address the risks of spills, fire, explosions, air quality impacts, venting, flaring, and fugitive emissions. The result can be a rapid release of vapors and rise in pressure, potentially leading to catastrophic structural damage of the tank. The hazards included the possibility of collision with other ships or with stationary objects such as bridges, as well as the threats of vapor release, flash and jet fires, boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion, and rapid phase transition. While fueling stations themselves leak methane, tailpipe and crankcase emissions were the highest sources. Environmental, health, and safety guidelines for liquefied natural gas facilities. From his letter to the Maritime Administration: "The security and economic risks far outweigh any potential benefits. The potential for disaster with this project during extreme weather or amid other security risks is simply unacceptable. Particulate emissions showed a huge amount of volatile and nonvolatile particles, both of which are hazardous to human health. Numerous environmental concerns include the risk that exports will increase hydro-fracking for natural gas, along with its associated environmental effects and greenhouse gas emissions. Potential risks include pool fires and flammable vapor clouds, as well as the possibility of terrorist attacks. Security of tankers, import terminals, and inland storage plants were identified as issues of concern. The experts concluded that this would be the most likely public safety hazard, with the risk of explosion less likely. Public safety consequences of a terrorist attack on a tanker carrying liquefied natural gas need clarification. There are two types of gas-fueled power plants: combined cycle plants and simple cycle plants. Both types are major emitters of carbon dioxide, uncombusted methane, and nitrogen oxides, which contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone (smog). Combined cycle gas plants reuse waste heat to generate additional electricity and are roughly equivalent in efficiency to an older coal plant. Simple cycle gas plants-also called peaker plants-can be turned on and off faster to meet fluctuating energy demands when electricity needs peak, but they are much less efficient and more polluting than combined cycle plants. Simple cycle peaker plants can often generate more nitrogen oxides and more carbon monoxide than coal plants. Gas-fired combined cycle plants were formerly promoted as a bridge to reduce emissions while renewables ramp up. However, within the last four years, renewable prices have fallen low enough to allow a transition directly from coal to solar and wind power, revealing that gas plants, with long returns on investment, are more barrier than bridge to renewable energy. At the same time, the lifecycle emissions of both types of gas-fired power plants have been shown to be far higher than previously estimated. New natural gas plants lock in demand for gas for longer than current climate scenarios dictate, which call for net-zero carbon emissions by mid-century. Gas plants thus risk becoming stranded assets, meaning that they would need to be decommissioned well before the end of their lifespan. Gas-fired simple cycle plants used on demand as peakers are becoming obsolete as battery technology now allows for the storage of renewable energy, decreasing the need for gas plants to provide power in times of peak demand. Emerging evidence shows a variety of health impacts to people living near gas-fired power plants. Summary of assessment of the safety, health, environmental and system risks of alternative fuel. The Scattergood, Haynes, and Harbor natural gas plants will be phased out by 2029.
Bladder cancer and exposure to water disinfection by-products through ingestion, bathing, showering, and swimming in pools. Water disinfection by-products and bladder cancer: is there a European specificity Effects of exposure to water disinfection by-products in a swimming pool: a metabolome-wide association study. Mesothelioma incidence and asbestos exposure in Italian national priority contaminated sites. Hormones and endocrine-disrupting chemicals: low-dose effects and nonmonotonic dose responses. The relevance of the food production chain with regard to the population exposure to chemical substances and its role in contaminated sites. Temporal trends of polychlorinated biphenyls serum levels in subjects living in a highly polluted area from 2003 to 2015: a follow-up study. Associations between serum polybrominated diphenyl ethers and thyroid hormones in a cross sectional study of a remote Alaska Native population. International incidence of childhood cancer, 200110: a population-based registry study. Workplace exposure to several well-recognized carcinogens, such as asbestos, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals, diesel engine exhaust, and silica, is still widespread. The proportion of cancer cases attributable to occupational carcinogens may be substantial. Prevention of occupational cancer is feasible, and during recent decades there have been many successful regulations and programmes to eliminate or reduce exposure to carcinogens in the workplace, particularly in high-income countries. Little information is available on occupational cancer risk in lowincome countries, but it can be reasonably expected to become a large problem in the future. Until the recognition in the 1950s of the cancer-causing effects of cigarette smoking, almost the only known causes of human cancer were occupational circumstances [1]. In most such instances of increased risk, the relevant information concerned a particular occupation or industry, with little or no information that enabled risk to be attributed to particular chemicals. Since then, many more causes of cancer have been identified, both occupational and non-occupational. However, even today occupational carcinogens make up a large fraction of all known human carcinogens. Although the discovery of occupational carcinogens provides a means for preventing occupational cancer, the potential benefit of such discoveries goes beyond the factory walls, because most occupational carcinogens are also found in the general environment and in consumer products, sometimes at concentrations as high as those encountered in the workplace. Specifying occupational carcinogens this chapter includes tables listing established and probable occupational carcinogens, as well as the occupations and industries in which exposure to them occurs and their target organs. Although it may seem simple, drawing up an unambiguous list of occupational carcinogens is challenging [2,3]. As mentioned above, exposures to most occupational carcinogens also occur in the general environment (see Chapter 2. For instance, whereas exposures to tobacco smoke, solar radiation, and immunosuppressive medications are generally not identified as occupational exposures, there are people whose occupation results in them being in contact with these agents to a degree that would not otherwise occur. Also, whereas asbestos, benzene, diesel engine exhaust, and radon gas are considered to be occupational carcinogens, exposure to these agents is also experienced by the general population, and indeed many more people are probably exposed to these substances in the course of day-to-day life than are exposed at work. Given the definitional ambiguity, the following operational convention is adopted here: a carcinogen is considered to be "occupational" if there is significant human exposure to the agent in the workplace, in terms of either prevalence or level of exposure, and/or if the main epidemiological studies that led to the identification of an elevated risk of cancer were undertaken among workers. Recognized carcinogens include chemical, physical, and biological agents of various families of agents. Important occupational carcinogens are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic amines, certain metals involved in smelting and related work, and dusts that involve exposure to asbestos and crystalline silica. Some of the most frequent cancer types for which excess risk has been observed from one or more occupational carcinogens are lung cancer, bladder cancer, and skin cancer.
In light of the known environmental and health risks from drilling, well stimulation and wastewater disposal, the link between wastewater injection wells and earthquakes in other states, the potential for a massive expansion of drilling and wastewater production in the Monterey Shale, and the gaps in scientific knowledge regarding induced seismicity, the best way to protect Californians is to halt hydraulic fracturing, acidizing, and other unconventional oil and gas recovery techniques. In sum, the findings highlight the lack of assurance that fracking and the injection of oil and gas wastewater can be conducted safely, and demonstrate the need for a halt to fracking, acidizing, and other forms of well stimulation. Oil and gas production results in billions of gallons of contaminated wastewater that is often disposed of in underground injection wells. In many parts of the eastern and central United States where fracking and wastewater injection have boomed, earthquake activity has increased dramatically. A growing body of research has linked wastewater injection wells to increased earthquake activity, including earthquakes that have damaged homes and infrastructure and caused human injuries. Extracting the oil in the Monterey Shale could produce almost 9 trillion gallons of wastewater. California is uniquely vulnerable to seismic events, with more citizens and infrastructure at risk from earthquakes than any other U. An increase in damaging seismic activity would be devastating to California and its economy. The development of unconventional oil and gas recovery techniques, such as hydraulic fracturing and acidizing, has allowed for a rapid expansion of shale oil and gas development across many parts of the United States. Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, is a well stimulation technique that releases oil and gas from relatively impermeable formations, such as shale and tight sands, allowing for the extraction of previously unreachable hydrocarbons. Fracking typically involves pumping high volumes of water, sand, and chemicals at high pressures into the rock formation, causing it to crack and release oil and gas. Acidizing, another well stimulation technique, involves the injection of hydrochloric and/or hydrofluoric acids, along with some of the same fluids used for fracking. In California, acidizing may be the well stimulation treatment of choice for the oil and gas industry to access the Monterey Shale, due to the highly fractured geology of the state. Flowback is the fluid that returns to the surface after fracturing or acidizing is completed, but before oil and gas is recovered from the well. Produced water is primarily composed of the formation fluid that comes to the surface once production of oil and gas has begun. Produced water is associated with all forms of oil and gas production, regardless of the well stimulation technique. Both flowback and produced water can contain chemicals from the fracking fluid and the fluids rising from deep in the rock formation, which can be harmful to human health. An estimated 15 to 100 percent of fracking fluids return to the surface as wastewater. Underground injection wells are the most common method for disposing of oil and gas wastewater in California and many other parts of the U. About 69 percent of the wastewater was reused for enhanced recovery,21 and small amounts are disposed of in unlined percolation ponds, lined evaporation ponds, sewer systems, and surface waters. The underground injection of wastewater has long been documented to induce earthquakes. Wastewater injected into rock formations can build up significant pressure depending on the volume of wastewater, rate of injection, and the permeability of the rock. This pressure build-up can induce an earthquake if the pressure is relayed to a fault that is already stressed and close to failure. The pressure can reduce the natural friction on the fault enough to cause it to slip and trigger an earthquake. Army began disposing of millions of gallons of liquid hazardous waste 12,000 feet below the surface at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal near Denver, Colorado. This injection spurred more than 1,500 earthquakes over a five-year period in an area not known for active seismicity. This example, as well as two other well-studied fluid injection projects - at Rangely, Colorado, in the 1970s and Paradox Valley, Colorado, in the 1990s - established that wastewater injection wells could induce earthquakes large enough to cause significant damage. Wastewater injection wells have induced felt and damaging earthquakes of magnitudes 4 and 5 in regions where fracking has proliferated. As scientists begin to investigate the causes of these earthquake swarms, a growing number of studies have attributed some of this increased earthquake activity, and some of the largest earthquakes, to the underground injection of oil and gas wastewater in these regions. Earthquakes of M3 to M5 have been scientifically linked to wastewater injection wells in at least six states: Oklahoma, Texas, Colorado, New Mexico, Arkansas, and Ohio.
The presence and severity of chronic kidney disease predicts all-cause mortality in type 1 diabetes. Exercise-induced albuminuria and circadian blood pressure abnormalities in type 2diabetes. Renal insufficiency in the absence of albuminuria and retinopathy among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetic retinopathy in predicting diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes and renal disease: a meta-analysis. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-associated elevations in serum creatinine: is this a cause for concern Creatinine rise during blood pressure therapy and the risk of adverse clinical outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The relation of serum potassium concentration with cardiovascular events and mortality in community-living individuals. The effects of dietary protein restriction and bloodpressure control on the progression of chronic renal disease. Sodium excretion and the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. Chronic kidney disease and intensive glycemic control increase cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes. Intensive glucose control improves kidney outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. Renal hemodynamic effect of sodiumglucose cotransporter 2 inhibition in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Canagliflozin slows progression of renal function decline independently of glycemic effects. Canagliflozin prevents intrarenal angiotensinogen augmentation and mitigates kidney injury and hypertension in mouse model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and inflammation in chronic kidney disease: possible molecular pathways. Kidney disease end points in a pooled analysis of individual patient-level data from a large clinical trials program of the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor linagliptin in type 2 diabetes. Development and validation of a tool to identify patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk of hypoglycemia-related emergency department or hospital use. Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease in primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention groups. Hyperglycemia, blood pressure, and the 9-year incidence of diabetic retinopathy: the Barbados Eye Studies. Effect of pregnancy on microvascular complications in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Association of type 1 diabetes vs type 2 diabetes diagnosed during childhood and adolescence with complications during teenage years and young adulthood. Implementation and evaluation of a large-scale teleretinal diabetic retinopathy screening program in the Los Angeles County Department of Health Services. The evolution of teleophthalmology programs in the United Kingdom: beyond diabetic retinopathy screening. Canadian Ophthalmological Society evidencebased clinical practice guidelines for the management of diabetic retinopathy. Expanded 2-year follow-up of ranibizumab plus prompt or deferred laser or triamcinolone plus prompt laser for diabetic macular edema. Glucose control and diabetic neuropathy: lessons from recent large clinical trials. Neuropathy and related findings in the diabetes control and complications trial/epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications study. Not all neuropathy in diabetes is of diabetic etiology: differential diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy. Pharmacotherapy for diabetic peripheral neuropathy pain and quality of life: a systematic review.
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