G/A the lesions in the skin, gut and other organs form prominent, irregular, purple, dome-shaped plaques or nodules. M/E the changes are nonspecific in early stage and more characteristic in late nodular stage. Early patch stage There are irregular vascular spaces separated by interstitial inflammatory cells and extravasated blood and haemosiderin. Late nodular stage There are slit-like vascular spaces containing red blood cells and separated by spindle-shaped, plump tumour cells. High density lipoproteins Hypertension with systolic pressure of 160 mmHg has greater risk of causing atherosclerosis as under: A. Giant cell arteritis Biopsy of affected artery in the following condition is not only of diagnostic valve but also cures the main symptom of the patient: A. Marfan syndrome Dissecting haematoma causes separation of aortic wall as under: A. Renal transplant-associated Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis is seen in all except: A. Neither metastatic nor dystrophic calcification Familial Hypercholesterolaemia is: A. Non-Mendelian disorder According to monoclonal hypothesis, the primary event in atherosclerosis is: A. Monoclonal proliferation of endothelial cells 247 Chapter 13 the Blood Vessels and Lymphatics 248 Systemic Pathology B. DeBakey and Stanford classification systems are used for the categorisation of: A. Heart is divided into four chambers: a right and a left atrium both lying superiorly, and a right and a left ventricle both lying inferiorly and are larger. The atria are separated by a thin interatrial partition called interatrial septum, while the ventricles are separated by thick muscular partition called interventricular septum. The blood in the heart chambers moves in a carefully prescribed pathway: venous blood from systemic circulation right atrium right ventricle pulmonary arteries lungs pulmonary veins left atrium left ventricle aorta systemic arterial supply. Thetransportofbloodisregulatedbycardiacvalves:twolooseflap-like atrioventricular valves, tricuspid on the right and mitral (bicuspid) on the left; andtwosemilunarvalveswiththreeleafletseach,thepulmonaryandaortic valves,guardingtheoutflowtracts. Thenormalcircumferenceofthevalvular openings measures about 12 cm in tricuspid, 8. Wall of the heart consists mainly of the myocardium which is covered externally by thin membrane, the epicardium or visceral pericardium, and lined internally by another thin layer, the endocardium. Blood is transported to myocardial cells by the coronary arteries which originate immediately above the aortic semilunar valve. There t arethreemajorcoronarytrunks,eachsuppyingbloodtospecificsegments l of the heart: 1. There are 3 anatomic patterns of distribution of the coronary blood supply, depending upon which coronary artery crosses the crux. Crux is the region on the posterior surface of the heart where all the four cardiac chambers and the interatrial and interventricular septa meet. Acute heart failure Sudden and rapid development of heart failure occurs in the following conditions: i) Larger myocardial infarction ii) Valve rupture iii) iv) v) vi) Cardiac tamponade Massive pulmonary embolism Acute viral myocarditis Acute bacterial toxaemia. Left-sided heart failure: i) Systemic hypertension ii) Mitral or aortic valve disease (stenosis) iii) Ischaemic heart disease iv) Myocardial diseases. The clinical manifestations of left-sided heart failure result from decreased left ventricular output and hence there is accumulation of fluid upstream in the lungs. Accordingly, the major pathologic changes are as under: i) Pulmonary congestion and oedema causes dyspnoea and orthopnoea. Whatever be the underlying cause, the clinical manifestations of rightsided heart failure are upstream of the right heart such as systemic (due to caval blood) and portal venous congestion, and reduced cardiac output. Accordingly, the pathologic changes are as under: i) Systemic venous congestion in different tissues and organs. Forward heart failure According to this hypothesis, clinical manifestations resultdirectlyfromfailureofthehearttopumpbloodcausingdiminishedflow of blood to the tissues, especially diminished renal perfusion and activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
Also called dendron dendritic /den drItIk/ adjective referring to a dendrite dendritic ulcer /den drItIk ls/ noun a branching ulcer on the cornea, caused by a herpesvirus dendron / dendrn/ noun same as dendrite denervation / di n veIn/ noun the stopping or cutting of the nerve supply to a part of the body dengue / de i/ noun a tropical disease caused by an arbovirus transmitted by mosquitoes, characterised by high fever, pains in the joints, headache and rash. Also called breakdendritic dendritic ulcer dendron denervation dengue accept that he or she has a serious medical problem Denis Browne splint / denIs bran splInt/ noun a metal splint used to correct a club foot [Described 1934. Also called coridermatitis herpetiformis dermatodermatochalasis dermatographia dermatological dermatologist dermatology dermatome dermatomycosis dermatomyositis dermatophyte dermatophytosis dermatoplasty dermatosis dermis `. Also contact dermatitis caused by cosmetics such as toothpaste, soap, shaving creams. Compare ascending aorta descending colon /dI sendI kln/ noun the third section of the colon which goes down the left side of the body. Symptoms of diabetes mellitus are tiredness, unusual thirst, frequent passing of water and sweet-smelling urine. Full form Dual EnerDexa scan dextro- /dekstr/ prefix referring to the right, or the right side of the body dextrocardia / dekstr k di/ noun a congenital condition in which the apex of the heart is towards the right of the body instead of the left. They diabetic cataract diabetic coma diabetic diet diabetic retinopathy diabetogenic diabetologist diaclasia diadochokinesis diagnose diagnosis diagnostic 108 diaphragmatic pleurisy / daIfr m tIk plrIsi/ noun inflammation of the pleura which covers the diaphragm diaphyseal / daI fIzil/ adjective referring to a diaphysis diaphysis /daI fsIs/ noun the long central part of a long bone. Compare ring to diagnosis diagnostic and treatment centre / daI nstIk n tri tmnt sent/ noun a facility mainly for day surgery or short-term stay, where a range of planned operations such as joint replacements, hernia repair and cataract removal can be undertaken. Two large electrodes will give a warming effect over a large area (medical diathermy); if one of the electrodes is small, the heat will be concentrated enough to coagulate tissue (surgical diathermy). Foods with the highest proportion of fibre include wholemeal bread, beans and dried apricots. Fibre is thought to be necessary to help digestion and avoid developing constipation, obesity and appendicitis. Abbr D & C dilate /daI leIt, dI leIt/ verb to become wider or larger, or make something become wider or larger the veins in the left leg have become dilated. The disease is also highly infectious, and all contacts of the patient must be tested. The Schick test is used to test if a person is immune or susceptible to diphtheria. Compare hemiplegia diplegic /daI pli d Ik/ adjective referring to diplegia diplacusis diplegia diplegic 111 diplo- /dIpl/ prefix double diplococcus / dIpl kks/ noun a bacterium which usually occurs in pairs as a result of incomplete cell division. Also called double vision dipsomania / dIps meIni/ noun an uncontrollable desire to drink alcohol direct contact /dI rekt knt kt/ noun a situation where someone or something physically touches an infected person or object directions /daI reknz/ noun directions for use (on a bottle of medicine, etc. If the skin on the lips is discoloured it may indicate that the person has swallowed a poison. Cardiac dissection takes about 20 minutes and lung dissection takes 60 to 90 minutes. Opposite disturb disturbed disulfiram dithranol diuresis diuretic diurnal divarication divergence divergent strabismus convergent strabismus diverticula / daIv tIkjl/ plural of diverticulum diverticular disease / daIv tIkjl dI zi z/ noun a disease of the large intestine, diverticula diverticular disease where the colon thickens and diverticula form in the walls, causing pain in the lower abdomen diverticulitis / daIvtIkj laItIs/ noun inflammation of diverticula formed in the wall of the colon diverticulosis / daIvtIkj lsIs/ noun a condition in which diverticula form in the intestine but are not inflamed. Compare recessive dolor dolorimetry dolorosa domiciliary domiciliary care domiciliary midwife domiciliary services domiciliary visit dominance dominant dizygotic / daIzaI tIk/ adjective developed from two separately fertilised eggs dizygotic twins / daIzaI tIk twInz/ plural noun twins who are not identical and not always of the same sex because they come from two different ova fertilised at the same time. Also called fraternal twins dizziness / dIzins/ noun the feeling that everything is going round because the sense of balance has been affected dizzy / dIzi/ adjective feeling that everything is going round because the sense of balance has been affected the ear infection made her feel dizzy for some time afterwards. Compare plantar flexdopaminergic Doppler transducer Doppler ultrasound Doppler ultrasound flowmeter dormant dorsa dorsal dorsal vertebrae dorsidorsiflexion Dr traIl/ noun a trial used to test new treatments in which patients are randomly placed in either the treatment or the control group without either the patient or doctor knowing which group any particular patient is in double blind study / d bl blaInd st di/ noun an investigation to test an intervention in which neither the patient nor the doctor knows if the patient is receiving active medication or a placebo double-jointed / d bl d IntId/ adjective able to bend joints to an unusual degree double blind study double-jointed (informal) ion dorso- /d s/ prefix same as dorsidorsoventral / d s ventrl/ adjective 1. Also called Drinker respirator drachm /dr m/ noun a measure used in pharmacy, equal to 3. Also called drug dependence drug allergy / dr ld i/ noun a reaction to a particular drug drug dependence / dr dI pendns/ noun same as drug addiction drug-related / dr rI leItId/ adjective associated with the taking of drugs drug tolerance / dr tlrns/ noun a condition in which a drug has been given to someone for so long that his or her body no longer reacts to it, and the dosage has to be increased drunk /dr k/ adjective intoxicated with too much alcohol dry /draI/ adjective 1. Schedule 2: drugs which can be used medicinally such as heroin, morphine, cocaine, and amphetamines: these are fully controlled as regards prescriptions by doctors, safe custody in pharmacies, registering of sales, etc. Schedule 3: barbiturates, which are controlled as regards prescriptions, but need not be kept in safe custody; Schedule 4: benzodiazepines, which are controlled as regards registers of purchasers; Schedule 5: other substances for which invoices showing purchasers; Schedule 5: other substances for which invoices showing purchase must be kept. It takes bile from the gall bladder and pancreatic juice from the pancreas and continues the digestive processes started in the mouth and stomach.
Diseases
If necessary to obtain the prescribed purities, the isooctane may be passed through activated silica gel. To assure reproducible results, the additive is passed into the isooctane solution through a gas-absorption train consisting of the following components and necessary connections: 1. A gas flow meter with a range up to 30 liters per hour provided with a constant differential relay or other device to maintain a constant flow rate independent of the input pressure. An absorption apparatus consisting of an inlet gas dispersion tube inserted to the bottom of a covered cylindrical vessel with a suitable outlet on the vessel for effluent gas. The dimensions and arrangement of tube and vessel are such that the inlet tube introduces the gas at a point not above 51/4 inches below the surface of the solvent through a sintered glass outlet. The dimensions of the vessel are such, and both inlet and vessel are so designed, that the gas can be bubbled through 60 milliliters of isooctane solvent at a rate up to 30 liters per hour without mechanical loss of solvent. A cooling bath containing crushed ice and water to permit immersion of the absorption vessel at least to the solvent level mark. The various parts of the absorption train must be connected by gas-tight tubing and joints composed of materials which will neither remove components from nor add components to the gas stream. The gas source is connected in series to the flowrate device, the flow meter, and the absorption apparatus in that order. Ventilation should be provided for the effluent gases which may contain carbon monoxide. The food additive combustion product gas may be safely used in the processing and packaging of the foods designated in paragraph (c) of this section for the purpose of removing and displacing oxygen in accordance with the following prescribed conditions: (a) the food additive is manufactured by the controlled combustion in air of butane, propane, or natural gas. The combustion equipment shall be provided with an absorption-type filter capable of removing possible toxic impurities, through which all gas used in the treatment of food shall pass; and with suitable controls to insure that any combustion products failing to meet the specifications provided in this section will be prevented from reaching the food being treated. Cool for at least 15 minutes and then pass 120 liters of the test gas through the absorption train at a rate of 30 liters per hour or less. Remove the absorption vessel from the bath, disconnect, and warm to room temperature. Add isooctane to bring the contents of the absorption vessel to 60 milliliters, and mix. Determine the absorbance of the solution in the 5-centimeter cell in the range 255 millimicrons to 310 millimicrons, inclusive, compared to isooctane. The absorbance of the solution of combustion product gas shall not exceed that of the isooctane solvent at any wavelength in the specified range by more than one-third of the standard reference absorbance. You may obtain copies from the United States Pharmacopeial Convention, 12601 Twinbrook Pkwy. The food additive dichlorodifluoromethane may be safely used in food in accordance with the following prescribed conditions: (a) the additive has a purity of not less than 99. Fixing agents may be safely used in the immobilization of enzyme preparations in accordance with the following conditions: (a) the materials consist of one or more of the following: (1) Substances generally recognized as safe in food. May be used as a fixing material in the immobilization of lactase for use in reducing the lactose content of milk. The finished polymer has an average molecular weight of 50,000 to 70,000 as determined by gel permeation chromatography. The analytical method is entitled ``Methodology for Molecular Weight Detection of Polyethylenimine,' which is incorporated by reference in accordance with 5 U. May be used as a fixing material in the immobilization of glucoamylase enzyme preparations from Aspergillus niger for use in the manufacture of beer. Glucoamylase enzyme preparations from Aspergillus niger for use in the manufacture of beer. Residual ethylenimine in the finished polyethylenimine polymer will be less than 1 part per million as determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The residual ethylenimine is determined by an analytical method entitled ``Methodology for Ethylenimine Detection in Polyethylenimine,' which is incorporated by reference in accordance with 5 U. Residual 1,2-dichloroethane in the finished polyethylenimine polymer will be less than 1 part per million as determined by gas chromatography. The residual 1,2dichloroethane is determined by an analytical method entitled, ``Methodology for Ethylenedichloride Detection in Polyethylenimine,' which is incorporated by reference in accordance with 5 U.
A fruit with a smooth surface, shining potato color, and rounded stylar end is considered mature (Kute and Shete 1995). Chilling Sensitivity Chilling injury symptoms include failure to ripen, accelerated softening, development of brown spots in pulp, and development of off flavors and aromas. Sapodilla Scientific Name and Introduction Sapodilla (Manilkara achras [Mill] Fosb. The fruit is a fleshy berry-ellipsoidal, conical, or 544 Grades, Sizes, and Packaging Fruit are commonly cell-packed in fiberboard or wood flats with 25 to 49 fruit (4. Respiration Rates Sapodilla is a climacteric fruit (Lakshminaryana and Subramanyam 1966, Broughton and Wong 1979) but does not reach the climacteric while on the tree (Lakshminaryana and Subramanyam 1966). Phytophthora palmivora and species of Pestalotiopsis and Phomopsis can cause fruit rot (Snowdon 1990). Grades, Sizes, and Packaging Fruit are packed in 3-kg-capacity flat fiberboard boxes using sleeves or excelsior (McGregor 1987). Sapote Scientific Name and Introduction the sapote (zapote, mamey, mamey colorado, mamey sapote, chico-mamey, marmalade-fruit, marmalade-plum, or grosse sapote) (Pouteria sapota Jacq. The pulp of mature fruit is soft and smooth to finely granular in texture and salmon pink, orange, and red or reddish-brown in color. The pulp has a rich, sweet, almondlike flavor; low fiber content; and creamy texture. Star Apple Quality Characteristics and Criteria Scientific Name and Introduction Inferior or improperly ripened mamey sapotes will develop a pronounced squashlike flavor. Horticultural Maturity Indices and Harvesting Fruit are harvested when the flesh begins to turn red and are mature when the newly exposed layer has turned from green to pinkish-brown, orange, or red. The fruit should be twisted until it breaks 546 the star apple (caimito, sweetsop, or anon) (Chrysophyllum cainito L. Fruit have a soft flesh and are yellowish green in color with a mild, sweet flavor. The pulp is white or creamy white with numerous embedded small, shiny, dark-brown seeds. Fruit left to ripen on the tree often split open, especially during the rainy season. Postharvest Pathology the most important pests include the annona seed borer and the ambrosia beetle. White Sapote Scientific Name and Introduction White sapote, or zapote blanco, (Casimiroa edulis llave & Lex) is also known as matasano in Spanish, meaning "killing healthy person" because of the presence of the glucoside casimirosine, mainly in seeds but also in bark and leaves. This compound has sedative effects, induces sleep, and can also calm rheumatic pains. The fruit is dullgreen to greenish-yellow, subglobose to oblate, and 5 to 10 cm in diameter. The skin is very thin and the flesh is cream-colored to yellowish, soft, and very sweet, with 1 to 5 large, hard, ovoid seeds. Greenskinned varieties have white flesh, and yellowskinned varieties have yellow flesh. The skin is thin and smooth and the flesh has a custardlike texture and sweet flavor. Quality Characteristics and Criteria Quality fruit are yellow to yellowish-green and 60 to 120 mm in diameter (McGregor 1987).
For good health, humans require energyproviding nutrients (proteins, fats and carbohydrates), vitamins, minerals, water and some nonessential nutrients. Primary deficiency this is due to either the lack or decreased amount of essential nutrients in diet. Secondary or conditioned deficiency Secondary or conditioned deficiency is malnutrition occurring as a result of the various factors. Obe ityisdefined s as an excess of adipose tissue that imparts health risk; a body weight of 20% excess over ideal weight for age, sex and height is considered a health risk. Insufficientpushingofoneselfoutofthechair leading to inactivity and sedentary life style. Recently, two obesity genes have been found: ob gene and its protein product leptin, and db gene and its protein product leptin receptor. Its causes may be the following: i) deliberate fasting-religious or political; ii) famine conditions in a country or community; or iii) secondary undernutrition such as due to chronic wasting diseases (infections, inflammatory conditions, liver disease), cancer etc. Hepatic gluconeogenesis from other sources such as breakdown of proteins takes place. Proteins Protein stores and the triglycerides of adipose tissue have enough energy for about 3 months in an individual. Proteins breakdown to release amino acids which are used as fuel for hepatic gluconeogenesis. Fats After about one week of starvation, protein breakdown is decreased while triglycerides of adipose tissue breakdown to form glycerol and fatty acids. Kwashiorkor which is related to protein deficiency though calorie intake may be sufficient. Besides 143 Chapter 8 Environmental and Nutritional Diseases 144 calcium and phosphorus required for vitamin D manufacture, others include: iron, copper, iodine, zinc, selenium, manganese, nickel, chromium, molybdenum,fluorine. However, out of these, the dietary deficiency of first five trace elements is associated with deficiency states as under: i) Iron: Microcytic hypochromic anaemia. Most of the vitamins are of plant or animal origin so that they normally enter the body as constituents of ingested plant food or animal food. They are required in minute amounts in contrast to the relatively large amounts of essential amino acids and fatty acids. In the developed countries, individualvitamindeficiencies are noted more often, particularly in children, adolescent, pregnant and lactating women, and in some due to poverty. While vitamin deficiency as well as its excess may occur from another disease, the states of excess and deficiency themselves also cause disease. They are absorbed from intestine in the presence of bile salts and intact pancreatic function. Beside the deficiency syndromes of these vitamins, a state of hypervitaminosis due to excess of vitamin A and D also occurs. Water-soluble vitamins this group conventionally consists of vitamin C and members of B complex group. Being water soluble, these vitamins are more easily lost due to cooking or processing of food. High fat diet results in rise in the level of bile acids and their intermediate metabolites produced by intestinal bacteria which act as carcinogens. The low fibre diet, on the other hand, does not provide 146 Section I General Pathology adequate protection to the mucosa and reduces the stool bulk and thus increases the time the stools remain in the colon. These substances in normal amounts in the body act as antioxidants and protect the cells against free radical injury. Fatty change in liver only In starvation, first nutrient to be depleted in the body is: A. Maintenance of structure and function of epithelia Most active form of vitamin D is: A. The branch of science dealing with the study of developmental anomalies is called teratology. Certain chemicals, drugs, physical and biologic agents are known to induce such birth defects and are called teratogens. The morphologic abnormality or defect in an organ or anatomic region of the body so produced is called malformation. Aplasia is the absence of development of an organ with presence of rudiment or anlage. Hypoplasia is incomplete development of an organ not reaching the normal adult size.
Tian San Qi (Panax Pseudoginseng). Emorivir.
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In macrobiotics, it is believed that the dietary standards that are effective for one person may not work for another. Therefore, this diet requires a change in thinking from a static view of life to a dynamic one. Many people are attracted to the diet because of claims that it can prevent or cure cancer. While no scientific studies support these claims, there are many people who believe the diet helped rid them of the disease when such conventional treatments as chemotherapy and radiation failed. Others use the diet to help treat diabetes, hypertension, arteriosclerosis, and other forms of heart disease. Macrobiotic foods the primary food in the standard macrobiotic diet is whole cereal grains, including brown rice, barley, millet, rolled oats, wheat, corn, rye, and buckwheat. The most highly recommended vegetables include green cabbage, kale, broccoli, cauliflower, collard greens, carrots, parsnips, winter squash, bok choy, onions, parsley, daikon radishes, and watercress. Vegetables that should be eaten only occasionally include cucumber, celery, lettuce, and most herbs. Vegetables that should be avoided include tomatoes, peppers, potatoes, eggplant, spinach, beets, and summer squash. Other permitted items include sweeteners such as barley malt, rice syrup, and apple juice; such seasonings as miso, tamari, soy sauce, rice or cider vinegar, sesame oil, tahini, and sea salt; occasional small amounts of seeds and nuts (pumpkin, sesame, sunflower, and almonds); and white-meat fish once or twice a week. Beverages allowed include tea made from twigs, stems, brown rice, and dandelion root, apple juice, and goodquality water without ice. Scientific studies in the United States and Europe have shown that a strict traditional macrobiotic diet can lead to a variety of nutritional deficiencies, especially in protein, amino acids, calcium, iron, zinc, and ascorbic acid. These deficiencies can result in drastic weight loss, anemia, scurvy, and hypocalcemia. In children, a strict macrobiotic diet can cause stunted growth, protein and calorie malnutrition, and bone age retardation. Preparations There are no specific procedures involved in preparing for the diet, except to change from a diet based on meat, sugars, dairy products, and processed foods, to one based primarily on whole grains, vegetables, and unprocessed foods. Some advocates of the macrobiotic diet recommend making the switch gradually rather than all at once. There are, however, several institutes in the United States that offer courses in the macrobiotic philosophy and diet. If followed rigidly, the diet can also be deficient in protein, calcium, vitamin B12, folate, and iron. Persons accustomed to a diet high in fat can experience sudden and drastic weight loss if they switch to a rigid macrobiotic diet. In its original form, the macrobiotic diet required foods to be slowly eliminated from the diet until only rice and beans were consumed. Carried to this extreme, the diet lacks significantly in necessary vitamins and nutrients. A macrobiotic diet may worsen cachexia (malnutrition, wasting) in cancer patients. It is not recommended for people who have intestinal blockages, gluten-sensitive enteropathy (celiac disease), or cereal grain allergies. Children, pregnant women, and persons with intestinal disorders, hypertension (high blood pressure), kidney disease, or malnutrition should consult their physician before starting a macrobiotic diet. The Macrobiotic Path to Total Health: A Complete Guide to Naturally Preventing and Relieving More Than 200 Chronic Conditions and Disorders. The Macrobiotic Approach to Cancer: Towards Preventing and Controlling Cancer With Diet and Lifestyle. Research & general acceptance Like many alternative therapies, the macrobiotic diet is controversial and not embraced by allopathic medicine. These claims stem from anecdotal reports and are not substantiated by scientific research. Celiac disease-An intestinal disorder characterized by intolerance of gluten, a protein present in the grains of wheat, rye, oats, and barley. Scurvy-A disease characterized by loose teeth, and bleeding gums and mouth, caused by a lack of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in the diet.
Cauliflower is commonly packed in the field, where leaves are trimmed closely to the head and heads are overwrapped with a perforated plastic film. Cauliflower produces an edible head of malformed and condensed flowers (the curd) whose stalks are short, fleshy, and closely crowded. Cauliflower is sensitive to its growing environment and requires cool temperatures, plenty of moisture, and good fertility to produce quality heads. Therefore, much of commercial production is in coastal areas having moderate temperatures, or the crop is grown to take advantage of the cooler times of the growing season. Precooling Conditions Cauliflower is mostly vacuum-cooled or hydrocooled prior to storage or marketing. Vacuum cooling works well for field-packed heads and is more effective if cauliflower is wetted before cooling (Stewart and Barger 1961). Quality Characteristics and Criteria Heads of high quality are white to cream in color, firm, and compact. The curds should be free of mechanical damage, decay, browning, or yellowing, which can result from sun exposure. Loss of quality during prolonged storage includes wilting, browning, and spreading of curds; yellowing of leaves; and decay. Horticultural Maturity Indices Harvest maturity is based on head diameter and compactness. Signs of overmaturity include "riciness" caused by protruding immature floral parts and browning or spreading of the curds. Injury may not be apparent until curds are cooked, when they become soft, grayish, and develop off flavors. Unlike broccoli, fresh cauliflower does not produce strong off odors when held in low-O2 atmospheres (Forney and Jordan 1999). Retail Outlet Display Considerations Bottom-icing of refrigerated displays enhance shelf-life of cauliflower. This disorder is more prevalent on certain cultivars and is most severe in cauliflower produced during warm weather and rapid growth (Loughton and Riekels 1988). Boron deficiency can result in brownish discoloration of the curd and pith of the stems and may result in hollow stems. In addition, blisters and cracks may form on the midribs of leaves and curds may taste bitter (Dearborn and Raleigh 1935). Riciness is a developmental disorder in which elongation of flower stems causes flower clusters to separate, making the head appear granular. Heads are susceptible to freezing injury, which appears as water-soaked and grayish curds, if held below 0. It is extremely sensitive to ethylene, with the most prevalent symptoms being curd discoloration and leaf yellowing and abscission. Storing only good quality, disease-free heads and maintaining good temperature control can best control these decay organisms. A preliminary note on the control of internal browning of cauliflower by the use of boron. Effects of controlled atmospheres (low oxygen, high carbon dioxide) on storage of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. Special Considerations Growing conditions can strongly influence the quality of fresh cauliflower. Heads must be protected from the sun, normally by tying leaves subtending the head together, to prevent yellowing and strong flavor development in the curd. Heads must be handled gently to avoid bruising, which results in rapid browning and decay (Suslow and Cantwell 2008). Acknowledgments Some of the information in this chapter was obtained from the Oregon State University website for "Commercial Vegetable Production Guides" at horticulture. However, since celeriac has a relatively low respiration rate, the benefits of precooling must be balanced with the desired storage time before marketing and consumption.
Polyester resin produced by reacting the acid groups in montan wax with ethylene glycol. Polyethylene reacted with maleic anhydride such that the modified polyethylene has a saponification number not in excess of 6 after Soxhlet extraction for 24 hours with anhydrous ethyl alcohol. Polyoxyethylated (40 moles) tallow alcohol sulfate, sodium salt Polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene block polymers (minimum molecular weight 6,800). Sodium n-dodecylpolyethoxy (50 moles) sulfate-sodium isododecylphenoxypolyethoxy (40 moles) sulfate mixtures. For use only as a coating or component of coatings and limited to use at a level not to exceed 1% by weight of paper or paperboard substrate. Styrene copolymers produced by copolymerizing styrene with maleic anhydride and its methyl and butyl (sec- or iso-) esters. Styrene polymers made by the polymerization of any combination of styrene or alpha methyl styrene with acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, and butyl acrylate. The styrene and alpha methyl styrene, individually, may constitute from 0 to 80 weight percent of the polymer. Styrene-butadiene copolymers produced by copolymerizing styrene-butadiene with one or more of the monomer: acrylamide, acrylic acid, fumaric acid, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, itaconic acid, and methacrylic acid. The finished copolymers shall contain not more than 10 weight percent of total polymer units derived from acrylic acid, fumaric acid, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, itaconic acid and methacrylic acid, and shall contain not more than 2 weight percent of polymer units derived from acrylamide. Styrene-butadiene copolymers with 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate and acrylic acid containing not more than 15 weight percent acrylic acid and no more than 20 weight percent of a combination of 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate and acrylic acid. Styrene-butadiene-vinylidene chloride copolymers containing not more than 40 weight percent of vinylidene chloride in the finished copolymers. The finished copolymers may contain not more than 10 weight percent of total polymer units derived from acrylic acid, fumaric acid, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, itaconic acid, and/or methacrylic acid. Styrene-isobutylene copolymers (weight average molecular weight not less than 6,300). For use only as a coating or component of coatings and limited for use at a level not to exceed 2 percent by weight of paper or paperboard substrate. Styrene-methacrylic acid copolymers containing no more than 5 weight percent of polymer units derived from methacrylic acid. Styrene-vinylidene chloride copolymers containing not more than 40 weight percent of vinylidene chloride in the finished copolymers. The finished copolymers may contain not more than 5 weight percent of total polymer units derived from acrylic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, and/or methacrylic acid. N-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)-N-octadecylsulfo-succina- For use only in copolymer coatings under conditions of use E, F, and G described in paragraph (c) of this section, table 2, and limited to use at a level not to exceed 2. For use only as a surface-active agent at levels not to exceed 3 percent by weight of vinyl acetate polymer with ethylene and N-(hydroxymethyl) acrylamide intended for use in coatings for paper and paperboard intended for use in contact with foods: 1. For use only as an emulsifier in resin latex coatings, and limited to use at a level not to exceed 0. The finished copolymers shall contain at least 50 weight percent of polymer units derived from vinyl acetate and shall contain no more than 5 weight percent of total polymer units derived from acrylamide, acrylic acid, crotonic acid, decyl acrylate, dibutyl itaconate, di(2-ethylhexyl) maleate, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, methacrylic acid, mono(2ethylhexyl) maleate, monoethyl maleate, vinyl butyrate, vinyl hexoate, vinyl pelargonate, vinyl propionate, vinyl stearate, and vinyl sulfonic acid. Vinyl acetate polymer with ethylene and N-(hydroxymethyl) acrylamide containing not more than 6 weight percent of total polymer units derived from N-(hydroxymethyl) acrylamide. The finished copolymers shall contain at least 50 weight percent of polymer units derived from vinyl chloride: shall contain no more than 5 weight percent of total polymer units derived from fumaric and/or maleic acid and/or their methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, amyl, heptyl, or octyl monoesters or from maleic anhydride or from mono-n-butyl ester of 5-norbornene-2, 3-dicarboxylic acid (however, in any case the finished copolymers shall contain no more than 4 weight percent of total polymer units derived from mono-n-butyl ester of 5-norbornene-2,3dicarboxylic acid). Vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate hydroxyl-modified copolymers reacted with trimellitic anhydride. Vinylidene chloride copolymers produced by copolymerizing vinylidene chloride with one or more of the monomers acrylamide acrylic acid, acrylonitrile, butyl acrylate, butyl methacrylate ethyl acrylate, ethyl methacrylate, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, methacrylic acid, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, octadecyl methacrylate, propyl acrylate, propyl methacrylate, vinyl chloride and vinyl sulfonic acid. The finished copolymers shall contain at least 50 weight percent of polymer units derived from vinylidene chloride; and shall contain no more than 5 weight percent of total polymer units derived from acrylamide, acrylic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, methacrylic acid, octadecyl methacrylate, and vinyl sulfonic acid.
Yeasty fermentation arises due to the fact that fruit are not sterile inside, containing many nongrowing but viable yeasts and bacteria. In damaged, overripe fruit and fruit with interfruitlet cracking, resident yeasts begin to grow or new yeasts invade. This growth leads to fermentation and bubbles of gas and juice through cracks in the skin. The skin turns brown and leathery and fruit become spongy with bright yellow flesh. Postharvest Pathology Black rot, also called thielaviopsis fruit rot, water blister, soft rot, or water rot, is a universal fresh pineapple problem characterized by a soft watery rot (Rohrbach 1983). Diseased tissue turns dark in the later stages of the disease because of the dark mycelium and spores. Pineapple caterpillars (Thecla basilides Geyer, Metamasius ritchiei Marchall, Batrachedre methesoni Busch, and Paradiophorus crenatus Billbarg) are exotic and limited to Central America, South America, and the Caribbean (Harris 1927, Rohrbach 1983). Larvae then infest fleshy parts of the bracts and feed inside the developing inflorescence, exuding gum from the feeding chambers. Control with insecticides is relatively easy if flowering is induced uniformly with forcing agents. Normally, in Hawaii pineapple scale is not a major problem in fields, probably because of scale parasites and predators. However, because of the quarantine requirement to have fruit insect-free, even low levels of pineapple scale at harvest present quarantine problems. Scale are controlled by preharvest insecticide applications, taking into account "lastapplication-to-harvest" time. The pineapple fruit mite, Steneotarsonemus ananas Tryon, occurs universally on the growing plant, developing in the inflorescence, fruit, and crown. Fruit mites feed on developing trichomes on the white basal leaf tissue and flower bracts and sepals, causing light brown necrotic areas. The pineapple red mite, Dolichotetranychus floridanus Banks, feeds on the white basal leaf tissue, particularly of the crown. Red mites may cause death of basal crown leaves, affecting quality (Rohrbach and Schmitt 1994). Packs contain fresh-cut cylinders with the core removed or spears, chunks, or wedges. Special Considerations Ease of removal of crown leaves, full skin yellowing, or the sound produced by tapping the fruit are not signs of ripeness or quality. Fruit are picked at the ripe stage and are ready-to-eat, even if there is a little skin yellowing. Postharvest control of endogenous brown spot in fresh Australian pineapples with heat. Respiratory patterns in fruit of pineapple, Ananas comosus, detached at different stages of development. The incidence of certain pineapple fruit blemishes in the eastern cape and border. Effect of fruit handling and fruit coatings on black heart (internal brown spot) and other aspects of fresh pineapple quality. Horticultural Maturity Indices In most of the plum cultivars grown in California, harvest date is determined by skin color changes specific to each cultivar. Firmness, measured by squeezing fruit in the palm of the hand ("spring"), is also a useful maturity index for a few cultivars. Measurement of fruit firmness is recommended for plum cultivars in which skin ground color is masked by development of full red or dark color before maturation. Flesh firmness, measured using a penetrometer (8-mm tip), can be used to determine a maximum maturity index, which is the stage at which fruit can be harvested without suffering bruising damage during postharvest handling. Plums are less susceptible to bruising than most peach and nectarine cultivars at comparable firmness. Scientific Name and Introduction Plums (Prunus salicina) are mainly marketed for fresh consumption and not for drying. In 1885, Luther Burbank imported about 12 seeds from Japan and used them to breed many cultivars. The plum industry has increased throughout California (mainly in the central San Joaquin Valley) where most Japanese plums in the United States are grown.
Also called rupture reduction of a hernia putting a hernia back into the correct position hernial / h nil/ adjective referring to a hernia hernial sac / h nil s k/ noun a sac formed where a membrane has pushed through a cavity in the body herniated / h nieItId/ adjective referring to an organ which has developed a hernia herniated disc / h nieItId dIsk/ noun Hering-Breuer reflexes hermaphrodite hermaphroditism hernia hernial hernial sac herniated herniated disc flammation of a sensory nerve, characterised by pain along the nerve and causing a line of blisters to form on the skin, usually found mainly on the abdomen or back, or on the face. It is not known what triggers the development of shingles, though it is known that an adult suffering from shingles can infect a child with chickenpox. Compare bisexual, hoheteropsia heterosexual mosexual heterosexuality / hetrseku lIti/ noun sexual attraction towards persons of the opposite sex heterotopia / hetr tpi/ noun 1. A drink of water, holding the breath and counting, breathing into a paper bag, are all recommended. Hickman catheter / hIkmn k it/, Hickman line / hIkmn laIn/ noun a plastic Hickman catheter high-calorie diet /haI k lri daIt/ noun a diet containing over 4000 calories per day high-density lipoprotein /haI densIti lIp prtin/ noun a lipoprotein with a low percentage of cholesterol. Also called innominate bone hip fracture / hIp fr kt/ noun a fracture of the ball at the top of the femur hip girdle / hIp dl/ noun same as pelhip fracture hip girdle vic girdle hip joint / hIp d Int/ noun the place where the hip is joined to the upper leg. Histamines dilate blood vessels, constrict the cells of smooth muscles and cause an increase in acid secretions in the stomach. Compare heterozygous hook /hk/ noun a surgical instrument with a bent end used for holding structures apart in operations hook hookworm hookworm 180 hospice / hspIs/ noun a hospital which offers palliative care for terminally ill people hospital / hspItl/ noun a place where sick or injured people are looked after hospital bed 1. It is found in the urine during pregnancy, and can be given by human human anatomy human being human chorionic gonadotrophin injection to encourage ovulation and help a woman to become pregnant. People usually receive it in combination with other drugs that increase the output of urine. Opposite hypohyperacidity / haIpr sIdIti/ noun the production of more acid in the stomach than is usual. Also called acidity, acid stomach hyperacousia / haIpr kju zi/ noun same as hyperacusis hyperactive /haIpr ktIv/ adjective very or unusually active hyperactivity /haIpr k tIvti/ noun a condition in which something or someone. Also called longsighthypergalactia hyperglycaemia hyperhidrosis hyperinsulinism hyperkalaemia hyperkeratosis hyperkinesia hyperkinetic syndrome hyperlipidaemia hypermenorrhoea hypermetropia hyperadrenalism / haIpr dri nlIzm/ noun a disorder in which too many adrenal hormones are produced. Compare hypohyperpiesis hyperpituitarism hyperplasia hyperpnoea hyperpyrexia hypersecretion hypersensitive hypersensitivity hypersplenism hypertelorism hypertension hypnotism can be treated with carbimazole. Also called creased rigidity and spasticity of the muscles hypertonic / haIp tnIk/ adjective 1. It hypertensive retinopathy hyperthermia hyperthyroidism hypnotist hypnotist 186 hypodermic syringe / haIpd mIk sI rInd / noun a syringe fitted with a hypodermic needle for injecting liquid under the skin hypofibrinogenaemia / haIp fIbrIn d ni mi/ noun a condition in which there is not enough fibrinogen in the blood. A hypoglycaemic attack can be prevented by eating glucose or a lump of sugar when feeling faint. Compare epispadias hypostasis /haI pstsIs/ noun a condition in which fluid accumulates in part of the body because of poor circulation hypostatic / haIp st tIk/ adjective referring to hypostasis hypostatic eczema / haIpst tIk eksIm/ noun same as varicose eczema hypostatic pneumonia / haIpst tIk nju mni/ noun pneumonia caused by fluid accumulating in the lungs of a bedridden person with a weak heart hyposthenia / haIps i ni/ noun a condition of unusual bodily weakness hypophyseal hypophyseal stalk hypophysectomy hypophysis cerebri hypopiesis hypopituitarism hypoplasia hypoplastic left heart hypopnoea hypoproteinaemia hypoprothrombinaemia hypopyon hyposensitise hyposensitive hyposensitivity hypospadias hypostasis hypostatic hypostatic eczema hypostatic pneumonia hyposthenia hypotension hypoventilation hypotension / haIp tenn/ noun a condition in which the pressure of the blood is unusually low. Compare hypertension hypotensive / haIp tensIv/ adjective having low blood pressure hypothalamic / haIp l mIk/ adjective referring to the hypothalamus hypothalamic hormone / haIp l mIk h mn/ noun same as releasing hypotensive hypothalamic hypothalamic hormone hypothalamus / haIp lms/ noun the part of the brain above the pituitary gland, which controls the production of hormones by the pituitary gland and regulates important bodily functions such as hunger, thirst and sleep. I thought I heard someone shout, but I must have imagined it because there is no one there. The impairment was progressive, but she did not notice that her eyesight was getting worse. Compare excision incisional /In sI nl/ adjective referring to an incision incisional hernia /In sI nl h ni/ noun a hernia which breaks through the abdominal wall at a place where a surgical incision was made during an operation incisor /In saIz/, incisor tooth /In saIz tu / noun one of the front teeth, of which there are four each in the upper and lower jaws, which are used to cut off pieces of food. Also called staincubation incubation period incubator dium invasioni incubator / IkjbeIt/ noun 1. Also called glandular fever infectious parotitis disease, contagious disease infectious hepatitis /In feks hep taItIs/ noun hepatitis A, transmitted by a carrier through food or drink. Also called infective hepatitis infectious mononucleosis /In feks mn nju kli sIs/ noun an infectious disinfectious hepatitis infectious mononucleosis infectious parotitis /In feks p r taItIs/ noun same as mumps infectious virus hepatitis /In feks vaIrs heptaItIs/ noun hepatitis transmitted by a carrier through food or drink infective /In fektIv/ adjective referring to a disease caused by a microorganism, which can be caught from another person but which may not always be directly transmitted infective enteritis /In fektIv ent raItIs/ noun enteritis caused by bacteria infective hepatitis /In fektIv hep taItIs/ noun same as infectious hepatitis infectious virus hepatitis infective infective enteritis infective hepatitis infectivity infectivity 196 inflame /In fleIm/ verb to make an organ or a tissue react to an infection, an irritation or a blow by becoming sore, red and swollen inflamed /In fleImd/ adjective sore, red and swollen the skin has become inflamed around the sore. Opposite superior inferior aspect /In fIrir spekt/ noun a view of the body from below inferiority /In fIri rIti/ noun the fact of being lower in value or quality, substandard. Opposite superiority inferiority complex /In fIri rIti kmpleks/ noun a mental disorder arising from a combination of wanting to be noticed and fear of humiliation. The resulting behaviour may either be aggression or withdrawal from the external world. Influenza can be quite mild, but virulent strains occur from time to time, such as Spanish influenza or Hong Kong flu, and can weaken the person so much that he or she becomes susceptible to pneumonia and other more serious infections. The toenail cuts into the tissue on either side of it, creating inflammation and sometimes sepsis and ulceration. Others can be more serious, as insects can carry the organisms which produce typhus, sleeping sickness, malaria, filariasis and many other diseases.
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